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Deaths Due to Asphyxiant Gases
Published in Sudhir K. Gupta, Forensic Pathology of Asphyxial Deaths, 2022
Exhaust Gases: Combustion of petroleum products in motor vehicles is the major source of CO. It can be fatal if the motor vehicles are kept with the running engine in a closed space/garage even for a small duration. The petrol-driven vehicles produce more CO than the diesel vehicles.
Industrial Applications
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
Marine transport is a newly considered emission source. For example, two stroke Diesel motor (up to 81 MW) with 6–14 pistons (each 1820 dm3) consumes 250 tons of heavy oil per day. The exhaust gases contain 13% O2, 5.2% CO2, 5.35% H2O, 1500 ppm NOx, 600 ppm SOx, 60 ppm CO, 180 ppm HC and 129 mg/m3 particulate matter. The first use of accelerator technology on a sea going ship for exhaust gas cleaning is described in the HERTIS (2021) – Hybrid Exhaust-gas-cleaning Retrofit Technology for International Shipping project. The HERTIS project will develop novel, hybrid technology based on the concept of combining two methods to clean up exhaust gases: irradiation by an EB accelerator and subsequent purification by improved wet-scrubbing technology. This innovative, hybrid, exhaust gas-cleaning retrofit technology will simultaneously provide a solution for the SOx, NOx and PM emissions challenge in a single technological system, which will cost less than operating on low-sulfur fuel or deploying a conventional scrubber.
Crime Scene Investigation
Published in Burkhard Madea, Asphyxiation, Suffocation,and Neck Pressure Deaths, 2020
Guy N. Rutty, Frances E. Hollingbury
The full spectrum of accidental, suicidal and homicidal asphyxia deaths may be encountered in an indoors setting. Even vehicle-related asphyxia deaths, in the form of inhalation of exhaust gases, can occur inside garages. Pathologists will deal with deaths due to plastic bag asphyxia, smothering, ligature and manual strangulation, and hanging. When ligatures have been secured over a door, the body may fall to the ground on opening the door and it may, therefore, not be immediately clear how the hanging occurred. It is always useful to check the tops of doors or beams for evidence of where a ligature may have been. This may also provide evidence of previous hanging attempts. Cases of chemical asphyxia may be encountered in workplaces such as a jeweller’s where cyanide is used, and gases such as helium may be used to commit suicide [5].
Family, neighborhood and psychosocial environmental factors and their associations with asthma in Australia: a systematic review and Meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
K. M. Shahunja,, Peter D. Sly,, Tahmina Begum, Tuhin Biswas, Abdullah Mamun
Although flued gas heaters have a flue to carry the exhaust gases away from the fireplace, using a flued gas heater inside was significantly associated with the exacerbation of childhood asthma-symptoms or recent wheeze (34,38). The pathophysiology of asthma-symptoms in this instance stems from respiratory mucosal irritation caused by NO2 release from gas heaters (38). The randomized controlled trial on heater replacement showed a significant reduction of NO2 exposure and hence the prevalence of asthma (75). Unflued gas heaters can emit more NO2 as they do not have any flue. One of our reviewed studies showed children exposed to either unflued or flued gas heaters in infancy had a similar risk for asthma-symptoms (34). The detrimental effect of unflued gas heaters in developing wheeze was also found in older people (>55 years) as they usually exposed greater time to this type of heaters due to increased need for heating, and more time spent indoors (39).
Estimation of environmental pollutants using the AERMOD model in Shazand thermal power plant, Arak, Iran
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Ghodratollah Siahpour, Seyed Ali Jozi, Neda Orak, Hossein Fathian, Soolmaz Dashti
The aim is to determine the concentration of particulate matter emitted from the chimney of the plant and to comply with national and international standards for estimating pollutant levels. For this purpose, in this study, the amount of exhaust gas emissions from power plant units from December 22 2019 to September 21 2020 was measured weekly and monthly for nine months. In the study, the AERMOD model and the Surfer software under the Windows operating system environment were used. Using the AERMOD model, we first modeled the distribution of PM10, SO2, NOX, and CO emissions from power plant chimneys over an 8-h and annual average (in the 2018 interval). This study was carried out up to a radius of about 50 km of power plant within one km of the network and the concentration and distribution of pollutants in the power plant were evaluated. This is because the AERMOD capability can cover a radius of 50 km, and while the affected areas of this power plant in our study are within a radius of 30 km, it means that the capability of this model has been beyond our study area, and since in our study, we just wanted to determine the share of pollution in the city of Arak and the surrounding areas, and there was no other residential area within 30 kilometers, so we only studied this radius
Effects of selenium supplementation on lung oxidative stress after exposure to exhaust emissions from pyrolysis oil, biodiesel and diesel
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Youssef B. Fawaz, Joseph M. Matta, Mohamed E. Moustafa
Catalase occurs in peroxisomes and plays an important role in the catabolism of H2O2 (Banerjee et al. 2009). The exposure of mice to the exhaust emissions from D, B20 and P20 fuels decreased the lung catalase activities. The high levels of nitric oxide and lead present in the pyrolysis oil may decrease the catalase activity (Sigfrid et al. 2003; Patil et al. 2006). The combustion of pyrolysis oil released high amounts of different gases that may influence the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and catalase in lungs of the P20 and P20 + Se mice groups. The oxidative stress was also increased by the exposure to the exhaust gases from both diesel and gasoline fuels with sulfate particulate matter (Lund et al. 2011). Selenium pretreatment had no effect on catalase or SOD activities in mice exposed to the exhaust emissions from the B20, D or P20 fuel. On the other hand, selenium supplementation did not restore the hepatic catalase activity in rats exposed to isotretinoin for 28 days (Saied and Hamza 2014).