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The Vienna School and the German Schools
Published in Scott M. Jackson, Skin Disease and the History of Dermatology, 2023
The son of a physician from Hamburg, Unna carried on his family's strong medical tradition by entering medical school; his education consisted of stints in Heidelberg, then Leipzig, and finally Strasbourg. His training was interrupted by the Franco-Prussian War, in which he fought and suffered a severe battle wound in the thigh; he received a government pension for this injury, monies that he later turned over to his students as prizes.74 A “born microscopist,” Unna's doctoral research, upon the recommendation of his mentor Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried Waldeyer (1836–1921), was on the histology and development of the epidermis.75 The thesis explored unconventional ideas, and the criticism that it drew, especially from the German pathologist Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen (1833–1910), brought Unna some early recognition. Among other contentions, the controversy stemmed from Unna's proposition that staining reactions of skin specimens could lead to scientific generalizations about the skin and its diseases. Von Recklinghausen and others considered inferences based on staining dead tissue to be false and misleading. Unna was resolute in his convictions, and with time, the doctoral research of 25-year-old Unna was proven to be correct. Today, stains are an indispensable part of the process of examining pathological specimens from any part of the body. Based on his thesis, it was predictive that great things would come from Unna; his idea on stains was nothing short of revolutionary.
Fatal Pressure Over Neck by Hanging
Published in Sudhir K. Gupta, Forensic Pathology of Asphyxial Deaths, 2022
Purging fluid dribbling marks were noted around the nostrils and the right cheek of the deceased (Figure 4.95). There was no open injury present over the body of the deceased, which could result in bleeding in this case. The color of the fluid stain is exaggerated by the orange color of the dhoti, resulting in the false interpretation of ‘blood stain’. The dark fluid stains present over the dhoti were due to postmortem artifact of staining by fluids from natural orifices/handling. Frothing, vomitus or blood can be seen in similar cases over mouth and nostrils in various stages of changes of decomposition. Feces and urine stains can also be seen. A medico-legal expert should consider these possible postmortem purging artifacts potentially misinterpreted as fatal ‘hemorrhages’ and should correlate the same with other circumstantial and scientific evidences to reach a logical conclusion of the case.
Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
Wright's or Giemsa's staining is preferred to differentiate eosinophils from other leukocytes in the CSF.5 Some pathogens may be seen in tissues with special stains, but this is rarely done. The specific histologic findings in eosinophilic meningitis are dependent on the etiology.
Febuxostat, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced lung injury by suppressing caspase-3, oxidative stress and NF-κB
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Marziyeh Raeispour, Fereshteh Talebpour Amiri, Soghra Farzipour, Arash Ghasemi, Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
The immunohistochemical technique for caspase-3 and NF-κB evaluations, slides were deparaffinized in xylene, rehydrated in the graded ethanol fractionation. Peroxide blocking was performed with 0.3% H2O2 (in methanol, room temperature, 15 min). After incubation with primary antibodies (anti-caspase 3 rabbit polyclonal antibody, 1:100 in TBS, v/v) (4 °C, overnight), sections were incubated with the secondary antibody (Mouse and Rabbit Specific HRP/DAB) for 20 min. Then, slides were incubated with diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride for 5 min, then were dehydrated and mounted (Xu et al. 2014, Naeimi et al. 2017). Subsequently, all the samples were assessed with microscope with a magnification of × 40. For quantitative analysis, immunohistochemical micrographs were assessed using ImageJ software (MacBiophotonics, version 1.41a) by densitometry. Staining intensity was determined as the percentage of the stained area to the entire surface.
Evaluation of cytokine profile in cervicovaginal lavage specimens of women having asymptomatic reproductive tract infections
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Clara Aranha, Mayuri Goriwale, Shahina Begum, Sheetal Gawade, Vikrant Bhor, Anushree D. Patil, Kiran Munne, Vandana Bansal, Deepti Tandon
After heat fixing the smear, Gram staining was performed using commercially available stains. Gram-stained smears were examined under ×1000 magnification and information was recorded for Nugent’s score, presence of clue cells, pus cells/leukocytes along with detection of budding yeast cells. For cytokine analysis, cervicovaginal lavage was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 min to settle down vaginal discharge and epithelial cells. Supernatant was filtered through 0.22 μm syringe filter (Axiva, Delhi, India) and aliquoted samples were stored at −80 °C. These supernatants were utilised for estimation of cytokines by ProcartaPlex multiplex immunoassays platform (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA) based on the principles of a sandwich ELISA and utilising Luminex xMAP (multianalyte profiling) technology. During batch testing, all the samples were thawed at room temperature and vortexed properly before use. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL23p40, IL-17A and TNF-α, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were the eight cytokines analysed. All samples were tested in duplicate. The cytokine concentrations (pg/ml) in the unknown samples were derived from the premixed cytokine standards generated values (pg/ml). Reported cytokine concentrations were normalised against total protein concentration in cervicovaginal lavages (estimated by the Bradford method). Further normalised values were log-transformed to improve the normality of data distribution.
Chapter 3: Diagnosis of tuberculosis disease and drug-resistant tuberculosis
Published in Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, 2022
Marcel A. Behr, Simon Grandjean Lapierre, Dennis Y. Kunimoto, Robyn S. Lee, Richard Long, Inna Sekirov, Hafid Soualhine, Christine Y. Turenne
Sputum smear microscopy is the most widely used test for TB disease.26 Two stains are widely used: 1) the traditional Ziehl-Neelsen or Kinyoun staining, which requires a light or bright field microscopy and 2) the auramine-rhodamine stain, which requires fluorescence microscopy (see Appendix 1). In most high-income countries (including Canada), fluorescence microscopy is standard practice because it can be read at a lower magnification than the classic Ziehl-Neelsen or Kinyoun stain, thus allowing slides to be read more quickly.28 The sensitivity of all staining methods, however, is inferior to that of culture. The threshold of detection of AFB in concentrated specimens using a fluorochrome stain is 5,000-10,00045,46 bacteria/mL of sputum and is 100,000 bacteria/mL using the Ziehl-Neelsen stain. The threshold of detection in unconcentrated smears is 10-fold higher, resulting in much lower sensitivity. This is important to remember, since often “stat” smears are unconcentrated. In contrast, as few as 10 viable bacteria can be detected by culture.