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Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
CS has been shown to cause alkylation of sulfydryl-containing enzymes. There is a specific inhibition of lactic dehydrogenase and documented reaction with a variety of nucleophilic compounds such as glutathione and lipoic acid (Louvre and Cucinell, 1970). CS-induced inhibition of lactic dehydrogenase can be reversed with sodium thiosulfate in dogs. Rats poisoned with lethal doses of CS can be saved by injections of sodium thiosulfate (Cucinell et al., 1971). This observation has not been reported in humans.
Toward Clinical Pharmacologic Otoprotection
Published in Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm, Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
Colleen G. Le Prell, Kelly Roth, Kathleen C. M. Campbell
Sodium thiosulfate is primarily used to treat cyanide poisoning; it serves as a sulfur donor for the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate, which can be safely excreted in the urine. It is administered by physicians.
Cardiovascular Toxicology
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
The management of vasodilator intoxication includes general supportive measures and correction of hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias. Ca2+ channel antagonists and β-adrenergic receptor antagonists may be useful in the treatment of myocardial ischemia caused by the vasodilators. Discontinuation of nitroprusside administration, followed by oxygen supplementation, is essential for suspected cyanide toxicity due to nitroprusside. As with cyanide toxicity, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate should be given immediately to enhance the transulfuration of cyanide to thiocyanate.
Oral delivery of nerolidol alleviates cyclophosphamide-induced renal inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis via modulation of NF-κB/cleaved caspase-3/TGF-β signaling molecules
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ashif Iqubal, Abul Kalam Najmi, Shadab Md, Huda Mohammed Alkreathy, Javed Ali, Mansoor Ali Syed, Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
For the JMS staining also, paraffinized blocks and a 5 µm thin section were cut. MS staining is used to analyze the basement and glomerular basement membranes (GBM) in membranous nephropathy and nephrological disorder. In the first step, slides were deparaffinized, and 0.5% periodic acid was used for 10-15 min at 37 °C to oxidize tissue and rinsed with the distilled water. Slides were incubated in methenamine sliver for approximately 60 min at 60 °C and rinsed in warm water. In the next step, gold chloride solution was used for toning for 60 min and washed with distilled water. In the subsequent step, sodium thiosulfate was used for 120 min and washed in tap water for 10 min, followed by counterstaining in nuclear fast red or green (light) for 3-5 min. Finally, dehydration was done in Xylene and mounted in DPX (Hayashi et al., 1989).
Penile calciphylaxis with extragenital gangrene
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Marcus Zaayman, Annika Silfvast-Kaiser, Edgar Rodriguez, Andrew J. DeCrescenzo, Alan Menter
A more conservative approach advocates the use of sodium thiosulfate, wound care, bisphosphonates, cinacalcet, vitamin K, and hemodialysis modification to control calcium and phosphate levels.4,6,7,16,17 Sodium thiosulfate treatment effectiveness likely relies on the chelation of calcium and possible dissolution of calcium deposits. Sodium thiosulfate has shown efficacy in patients with PC and systemic calciphylaxis.6,7,16,17 Cinacalcet is a calcimimetic agent, sensitizing parathyroid cells to calcium and causing increased suppression of parathyroid hormone. It is approved for use in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing hemodialysis.4 In calciphylaxis, it also has some success improving lesions in ESRD patients. More data are necessary to determine true efficacy and dosing.4
A meta-analysis of preclinical studies using antioxidants for the prevention of cisplatin nephrotoxicity: implications for clinical application
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Alfredo G. Casanova, M. Teresa Hernández-Sánchez, Carlos Martínez-Salgado, Ana I. Morales, Laura Vicente-Vicente, Francisco J. López-Hernández
In preclinical models, thiol-containing molecules (e.g. sodium thiosulfate; N-acetylcysteine, NAC) ameliorate cisplatin nephrotoxicity for their antioxidant properties (Dickey et al. 2005), and for preventing aquation inside the cells [a critical step of cisplatin cytotoxicity (Perez 1998; Sancho-Martínez et al. 2018)], without interfering with the chemotherapeutic effect (Hirosawa et al. 1989; Muldoon et al. 2015; Visacri et al. 2019). However, at the clinical level, sodium thiosulfate has been proved effective (Markman et al. 1985; Hirosawa et al. 1989; Malmström et al. 1993; Alvarado et al. 1997; Balm et al. 2004), with minor side effects (Si et al. 1992); whereas the utility of NAC has been questioned (Visacri et al. 2019). This means that additional barriers emerge in vivo for specific compounds that limit their action. Interestingly, thiols are effective but not outstanding nephroprotectants in this meta-analysis, which supports further exploration for the better preclinical candidates identified.