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Simvastatin Reduces Protection and Intestinal T cell Responses Induced by a Norovirus P Particle Vaccine in Gnotobiotic Pigs
Published in Lijuan Yuan, Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation, 2022
Simvastatin is a cholesterol-reducing drug that inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, resulting in the reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (Goldstein and Brown, 2009). Forty mg of simvastatin decreases LDL cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular events by 23% over five years (Heart Protection Study Collaborative et al., 2011) with similar effects witnessed in low-risk populations (Cholesterol Treatment Trialists et al., 2012). Based on the report by the National Center for Health Statistics, 50% of men and 36% of women who are 65–74 years old took statin-type drugs in 2010. In 2013, the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology released new guidelines which expand the recommendation for the use of simvastatin in the prevention of heart diseases even to people without high LDL levels.
Cardiovascular Drugs
Published in Radhwan Nidal Al-Zidan, Drugs in Pregnancy, 2020
Risk Summary: The use of simvastatin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the fact that Cholesterol and products synthesized by cholesterol are essential during fetal development. Moreover, the discontinuation of Simvastatin during pregnancy should have no influence on the long-term treatment of hyperlipidemia.
Personalized Nutrition in Hypercholesterolemia
Published in Nilanjana Maulik, Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases, 2020
Aktarul Islam Siddique, Nalini Namasivayam
Statins are one of the most common medicines used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood. Recently they have been thought to protect the blood vessel walls by inhibiting inflammation. The approved statins are simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin and pravastatin. Among them, simvastatin and atorvastatin are most commonly used, taken at the dose of 40 mg per day and 10 mg per day respectively (Mills, Wu et al. 2011). Studies show that people with coronary artery disease who take statins regularly over a period of time have reduced the risk of coronary artery disease complications and statins are generally welltolerated by the patients (Naci, Brugts et al. 2013).
Pharmacological effects of Artocarpus lakoocha methanol extract on inhibition of squalene synthase and other downstream enzymes of the cholesterol synthesis pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Tasleem Akhtar, Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq, Muhammad Shahzad
A significant increase in total cholesterol levels of the diseased group was observed as compared to the control (122.7 ± 5.450 vs. 86.38 ± 7.554) which means high-fat diet in the diseased group resulted in hyperlipidaemia. Methanol extract of A. laookcha leaves treated group showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol levels as compared to the diseased group (83.70 ± 6.414 vs. 122.7 ± 5.450). Similarly, the group treated with simvastatin also showed a significant reduction in total cholesterol levels when compared to the diseased group (89.93 ± 6.704 vs. 122.7 ± 5.450). When the individual effect of simvastatin and leaves extract of A. lakoocha was compared with one another, we found that both have almost similar potential to reduce total cholesterol levels (Figure 1).
The effect of simvastatin on gene expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 mRNA in rat hepatic tissues
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Abbas Nezhadebrahimi, Hamid Sepehri, Mehrdad Jahanshahi, Majid Marjani, Abdoljalal Marjani
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is an enzyme that synthesis the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) from saturated fatty acids. The enzyme plays an important role in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism (Ntambi 1999). Monounsaturated fatty acids act as mediators of signal transduction and cellular differentiation (Zhang et al. 1999). The SCD expression can affect membrane fluidity, lipid metabolism, and adiposity (Ntambi 1999). The SCD activity seems to be mediated by SREBP-1. Studies on mice have been shown that expressing SREBP-1 has increased expression of SCD and vice versa. SCD increased the synthesis of MUFA, while knockout of SREBT-1 leads to a decrease in SCD expression (Shimomura et al. 1998, Liang et al. 2002). According to different findings, we planned to choose different dosage of simvastatin and study their effect on some chosen parameters. We tried to reduce the side effect and toxicity of simvastatin. Thus, the study aimed to assess the effect of different dosages of simvastatin on gene expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) mRNA in rat hepatic tissues fed with high-fat diets and its association with some biochemical parameters.
Prospective nanoparticle treatments for lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Emelie Landh, Roger Wang, Lyn M. Moir, Daniela Traini, Paul M. Young, Hui Xin Ong
Furthermore, Goncharova et al. (2012) investigated the effect of simvastatin alone and the combination treatment of rapamycin and simvastatin in a mice model of LAM characterized by TSC2-null lung lesions and enlarged alveolar airspaces with a low survival rate. Treatment with simvastatin alone reduced the matrix metalloproteinases in the lungs and prevented alveolar destruction, while the combination treatment with rapamycin was able to prevent both the growth of TSC-2 null cells and lung destruction [37]. These findings highly implicate that the combination therapy would be able to benefit LAM patients. While simvastatin is already approved as a safe cholesterol lowering medication, there has been evidence suggesting that higher doses can result in adverse side effects, particularly muscle toxicity and in worse case scenarios, rhabdomyolisis [38]. However, lower doses are currently being tested and a clinical trial is currently running, investigating the safety of using simvastatin in patients with S-LAM and TS-LAM who are already on a stable dose of rapamycin (NCT02061397).