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Nanoparticles from Marine Biomaterials for Cancer Treatment
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Marine organisms such as shellfish, macro-algae, fungi, micro-algae, and coral produce polysaccharides with variable structures and diverse biological activities that terrestrial organisms lack. This is because the marine environment is featured by high pressure, high salinity, low temperature, and oxygen deficiency.
Drowning Deaths
Published in Sudhir K. Gupta, Forensic Pathology of Asphyxial Deaths, 2022
The floatation of the body after drowning occurs after a variable period. Putrefactive gases play an all-important role in floatation. For this reason, the body floats early in still water, especially in water that contains plenty of decaying organic matter, which hastens putrefaction. On the other hand, putrefaction (and hence floatation) is delayed in clear running water. Salinity retards floatation. Floatation is relatively faster in summer than in winter. Because floatation of the body depends on many variables, it is not possible to estimate the time of death, based on floatation, with any certainty.
Diversity Analysis of Indian Mangrove Organisms to Explore Their Potential in Novel and Value-Added Biomolecules
Published in Jayanta Kumar Patra, Gitishree Das, Sanjeet Kumar, Hrudayanath Thatoi, Ethnopharmacology and Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Angana Sarkar, Sushant Prajapati, Amulya Sai Bakshi, Asma Khatoon, Raghavarapu Swathi, Siddharth Kumar, Arpita Behera, Rahul Pradhan
Baratang mangroves are present on an island of Andaman and Nicobar island in North and middle Andaman administrative districts. The island lies 150 km (93 miles) north of Port Blair. It is situated between the 12°18′ N latitude and 92°80′ E longitude and covers an area of 242.6 sq.km. Andaman & Nicobar Islands (A&N) are the house of 61 species distributed in 39 genera and 30 families, including two new species, R. lamarkii and R. stylosa (Singh et al., 1987). 50% of the total mangrove species is found in Baratang mangroves. This is a place where tsunami, earthquakes are too common. Tsunami causes migration of various other species to Andaman and Nicobar islands (Ragavan et al., 2016). The leaves are shed throughout the year which is considered as a special feature of the mangroves (Figure 2.2). The litter is not consumed by the herbivorous animals directly but is being degraded by the microbes first and consumed later. This also imparts nutritional values to the mangroves. The mangroves of Baratang consist of water from various water bodies like Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal. The waters are of high salinity as the waters are from oceans. These mangroves are dense and are free from human intervention with creeks and mud formation in the river mouths.
Geochemical assessment of groundwater contaminants and associated health risks in the Shivalik region of Punjab, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Sunil Mittal, Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Sunil Kumar Sahoo
Irrigation water quality indices mainly depend upon soil salinity and sodicity, which can limit plant growth in irrigated agricultural land. The accumulation of soluble salts in the soil profile is termed as soil salinity. Whenever soluble salt concentration exceeds the crop tolerance limit, it poses adverse effect on crops. Soil sodicity is another major factor affected by salinity, which infers the soil physico-chemical properties of soil (Farahmand et al. 2011). Soil sodicity becomes effective whenever the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) exceeds 15%. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) estimates the degree of soil solidity (the relative amount of Na in comparison with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in transitional sites), as follows (Quirk 2001).
Environmental post-processing increases the adhesion strength of mussel byssus adhesive
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Matthew N. George, Emily Carrington
Mica sheets with more than three threads attached were incubated in one of six seawater pH treatments (pHNBS target = 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 8.0, 12.0) and allowed to age for either 0.17, 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, or 20 days. Constant pH treatment levels of pH 3.0–8.0 were achieved by bubbling 3 l containers of filtered seawater with a dynamically controlled mixture of air and CO2 gas (O’Donnell et al. 2013). Seawater pH was monitored in each container with a Durafet III pH electrode (Martz et al. 2010; Honeywell, Fort Washington, PA; accuracy ± 0.01), attached to a UDA2182 analyzer that controlled a solenoid valve in line with a CO2 gas canister. Treatments were constantly bubbled with air to maintain a dissolved oxygen concentration above 8 mg l−1, which was monitored with a Honeywell DirectLine DL5000 equilibrium probe (accuracy ± 0.1). Salinity was measured daily with a Honeywell DL4000 conductivity cell (accuracy ± 1 PSU). pH (NBS scale), dissolved oxygen (mg l−1), and temperature (ᵒC) were logged every 10 min. Endpoint pH treatments of pH 1.0 and 12.0 were accomplished through the addition of either 1 N phosphoric acid or a mixture of 0.5 M potassium hydroxide and 0.5 M potassium carbonate. Additions were accomplished using the pH stat system described above with the addition of drip irrigators. These treatments were not intended to accurately mimic the carbonate chemistry regime found in nearshore environments, but rather served to bookend the response curve generated through the manipulation of pCO2.
Multi-parametric groundwater quality and human health risk assessment vis-à-vis hydrogeochemical process in an Agri-intensive region of Indus basin, Punjab, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Vijay Jaswal, Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Sunil Mittal, Ajay Kumar, Sunil Kumar Sahoo, Yogalakshmi Kadapakkam Nandabalan
The suitability of the groundwater for irrigation was assessed and summarized in Table 3. The EC classification depicted that majority of groundwater samples were under the permissible category (<2000 µS cm−1). However, some locations fall under doubtful (22%) and unsuitable (6%) categories indicating the salinity hazard as an issue at a few locations of the study area. High salinity can interfere with the absorption of water and nutrients to plants through soil by reducing the osmotic activities (Saleh et al.1999, Kaur et al.2017). The SAR classification revealed that majority of groundwater samples fall under excellent category (<10) indicating noninterference of alkali hazard in crop growth.