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Adverse Effects and Intoxication with Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Precautions should be taken into account because there are several case reports in which sage oil induced the development of vertical nystagmus, hyperreflexia, clonic spasms, and tonic-clonic convulsions, with muscle dystonia before seizures and postictal muscle weakness occurred (Burkhard et al., 1999; Halicioglu et al., 2011). The convulsive properties of a diluted essential oil (1:99 dilution, and repeating this dilution 30 times) containing thujones were observed in a 7-month-old baby (Stafstrom, 2007). In adults, the oil of A. absinthium caused convulsions and paralysis, probably due to its content of thujones, camphor, and 1,8-cineole (see Radulović et al., 2017). α-Thujone in absinthe and herbal medicines is a rapid-acting and readily detoxified modulator of the GABA-gated chloride channel (Höld et al., 2000). Although all of the described neurotoxic effects could be attributed to the presence of thujones in these oils, numerous other oil constituents could also cause the observed neurotoxicity (Radulović et al., 2017).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Dried leaves of this evergreen perennial woody subshrub are best known as a spice for flavoring sausages, stuffings, soups, and some canned vegetables. Fresh leaves are also used in herb butters, cheeses, liqueurs, pickles, salads, and vinegars. Fresh leaves make a good dentifrice. The infusion applied to the scalp is said to darken the hair as well as stimulate hair growth and strengthen the hair. Chinese were said to prefer sage tea to their own true tea. An ale, made of sage, betony, scabious, spikenard, squinnette, and fennel seed, was said to be quite wholesome. Sage, speedwell, and wood betony is said to make an excellent breakfast tea. Italians nibble on sage to preserve the health. Sage butter and bread is said to be a satisfying meal in itself. Various combinations of sage, onion, butter, and lemon make excellent relishes for meat dishes. Sage oil is used in perfumery, for deodorants, and in insecticidal preparations.1 Tumors (“apples”) on sage, caused by an insect puncture, are preserved in honey and eaten. Leaves are pickled in vinegar and eaten.61
Development of optimized self-nanoemulsifying lyophilized tablets (SNELTs) to improve finasteride clinical pharmacokinetic behavior
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Tarek A. Ahmed, Khalid M. El-Say, Khaled M. Hosny, Bader M. Aljaeid
FSD solubility in different oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants was determined to select the most appropriate components utilized in development of drug-loaded SNEDDS. Twenty different oils were examined namely; olive oil, orange Oil, pogostemon cablin oil, rosmarinus officinalis oil, mentha piperita oil, origanum vulgare oil, hyacinthus orientalis oil, blue chamomile oil, anise oil, lemon oil, cinnamon oil, sage oil, eucalyptus oil, carum carvi oil, parsley oil, fennel oil, Sefsol-218, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and isopropyl myristate. The studied surfactants were labrasol, labrafil, transcutol, tweens, and spans. Based on the maximum drug solubility in the studied oils, surfactant and cosurfactant (data not shown), anise (oil), tween 80 (surfactant), and four different aliphatic alcohols (co-surfactant) namely; methanol, ethanol, Iso-propanol, and N-butanol were selected.