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Value-Added Products and Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Wastes
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Ranjay Kumar Thakur, Rahel Suchintita Das, Prashant K. Biswas, Mukesh Singh
Hydro-distillation is used to extract oils and other bioactive compounds from plants. It can be applied before drying a plant sample. There are 3 kinds of hydro-distillation, such as, water distillation, water, and steam distillation [174]. The process of hydro-distillation starts with packing the plant sample in a still compartment. Then, boiling is performed with adequate quantity of water. Steam can be used as an alternative for extraction. The vapor mixture of water and oil is condensed and the condensed mixture is sent to a separator, where the bioactive compounds and oil are separated from the water [147, 156]. Hydro-distillation includes processes of hydro-diffusion, hydrolysis, and heat decomposition. Since, this process involves application of heat, it may not be suitable for heat-labile compounds [147].
Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Cedar leaf essential oil, made from the twigs with leaves of Thuja occidentalis L. by steam-distillation or hydrodistillation, has been used for perfumes, cleansers, disinfectants, hair preparations, room sprays, deodorants and soft soaps (2). It is also approved for use in food in the USA and the EU (5). It is still used in some mainstream over-the-counter preparations to relieve congestion in the upper respiratory tract, the best-known of which is Vicks VapoRub™. Thuja leaf oil is also added to pest repellant sprays and paints to protect against mites, moths, and rodents (4). The major constituent of the oil of T. occidentalis foliage, thujone, is used pharmacologically as active ingredient in the production of nasal decongestants and cough suppressants, perfumes, shoe polishes and soaps (1,2). Thuja oil is, however, considered too toxic (due to the high thujone content) for aromatherapy practices (6,7,8).
Aromatic Medicine
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Sakshi Bajaj, Himangini Bansal
Steam distillation (Figure 10.2) comprises of steaming because of a straight present of steam water, which warms the blend just as it diminishes the bubbling temperature as a result of the higher steam pressure inborn in water to those of volatile components in essential oils. The steam originating from the distillator gets cold in a condenser and, at long last, the immiscible blend gets isolated in a clarifier or Florentine jar. This philosophy is more helpful than organic solvents extraction or straight distillation as water steam has a lower cost contrasted with organic solvents. Likewise, it avoids oil warming or the utilization of sophisticated equipment. Regardless, the extraction technique depends, among different elements, on the sort of material to be handled and the area of the parts inside the vegetable structure as indicated by the species and botanical family (Bandoni, 2000).
Toxicity of Suaeda maritima (L) against the Scirpophaga incertulas (W) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) disease and its non-target effect on earthworm, Eisenia fetida Savigny
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Haridoss Sivanesh, Narayanan Shyam Sundar, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, Ramakrishnan Ramasubramanian, Sengodan Karthi, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, Hesham Saleh M. Almoallim, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
Many researchers have identified several novel plant phytochemical compounds which have toxic effects against insect pests, but which may be nontoxic or safer for humans and vertebrate animals (Zaka et al.2014, Bahrami et al.2016, Amala et al.2020). Exposure to phytochemicals ingested by herbivores can have large effects on the pest community composition (Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.2016). Isolation of novel plant essential oils botanicals, which are the odorous components, and secondary metabolites, can be separated from plant tissues through steam distillation. Some plant derived essential oil has even been reported to have significant impact on the development of S. litura (Shahriari et al.2017; Ponsankar et al.2016). Sublethal concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of S. maritima against S. incertulas extended the larval development. Methanol extracts and sterols from Myrtillocactus geometrizans produced abnormalities in the larvae and pupae of S. frugiperda and Tenebrio molitor (Céspedes et al. 2005). Senthil-Nathan et al. (2005, 2006) demonstrated that neem limonoids and azadirachtin inhibited the growth and development of larva and pupae of S. litura and C. medinalis.
Mechanism of allergic rhinitis treated by Centipeda minima from different geographic areas
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Yanzhuo Jia, Junbo Zou, Yao Wang, Xiaofei Zhang, Yajun Shi, Yulin Liang, Dongyan Guo, Ming Yang
In this experimental study, volatile oil components were extracted from C. minima collected in seven different geographic areas of China. The best extraction conditions were experimentally determined using steam distillation. Following extraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatile oil composition of C. minima. Network pharmacology analysis was used to explore component-related molecular targets. The overall level of protein-disease correlation was assessed and the main pathways and key targets of C. minima components were determined. Molecular docking tests were done using the identified target proteins. The C. minima was used in in vivo animal experiments to evaluate drug efficacy and provide a reference for further clinical experiments.
Lichenochemicals: extraction, purification, characterization, and application as potential anticancer agents
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Mahshid Mohammadi, Vasudeo Zambare, Ladislav Malek, Christine Gottardo, Zacharias Suntres, Lew Christopher
Hydrodistillation is a physicochemical process of aqueous diffusion, hydrolysis of plant or microbial cell substances, and their decomposition by heat. Hydrodistillation can be carried out as water distillation, water and steam distillation, or direct steam distillation. Water distillation is the soaking of lichen material followed by boiling the resulting mixture. Hot water releases essential oils from oil glands whereas steam distillation extracts steam-volatile essential oils by passing vaporized steam through the lichen sample. The main disadvantage of this technique is the loss of heat-labile compounds at a high-temperature distillation. Hydrodistillation was used for the extraction of essential oils with potent bioactivities from two lichens species, Evernia prunastri, and Ramalina farinacea [78].