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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Camphor occurs naturally in the fragrant camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora and can also be synthetized. Camphor (D-) has the appearance of white colorless crystals; its odor type is camphoreous and its odor is described as ‘camphoreous, medicinal, mentholic, with a cooling green nuance’ (www.thegoodscentscompany.com). Camphor is volatile, reactive and flammable and is irritating to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes. It is used as a plasticizer, moth repellant, in varnish, floor wax, adhesive, as preservative, cosmetic ingredient, and anti-infection agent. Camphor is also used in perfuming industrial products and as flavor for food and beverages. It is common in therapeutic liniments and other pharmaceuticals as a rubefacient/counter-irritant or as a remedy for colds and musculoskeletal pains. In dermatology, when it is applied as lotion (0.1 to 3%), it is an anti-pruritic and surface anesthetic. When applied gently, it creates a feeling of coolness (U.S. National Library of Medicine). Historically, camphor has also been used as an aphrodisiac, abortifacient, antiseptic, and as cardiac and central nervous system stimulant (16).
The Arab influence
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Camphor was found to have definite sedative properties and for a time was advocated to suppress eclamptic convulsions. Unfortunately the medication itself could cause fits if administered in large doses. It was available as an aqueous solution, a spirit, a tincture, and a liniment (Mann, 1915). In Martindale. The Extra-Pharmacopoeia it is related that camphor is a mild analgesic and rubefacient, long used as a counterirritant. Formerly administered as a respiratory and circulatory stimulant, there is little evidence of its value for this purpose nowadays (Reynolds, 1982 p. 351). Cinnamomum camphora is used as an internal preparation in Ayurvedic medicine to treat painful menstruation (Bown, 1995 p. 262). In pharmacognosy camphor is regarded as a mild antiseptic and carminative (Evans, 1996 p. 278) and is known to be an antiparasitic.
Metabolism of Terpenoids in Animal Models and Humans
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
(+)-Camphor is extracted from the wood of Cinnamomum camphora, a tree endemic to Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it is also one of the major constituents of the essential oils of Salvia officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis. Camphor is commercially used as a moth repellent and antiseptic in cosmetics (aftershaves, face tonics, mouthwash etc.) and pharmaceutically in ointments for treatment of rheumatic pains and coughs (O'Neil, 2006; Bornscheuer et al., 2014). In dogs, rabbits, and rats, camphor is extensively metabolized whereat the major hydroxylation products are 5-endo-and 5-exo-hydroxycamphor (Leibman and Ortiz, 1973). A small amount was also identified as 3-endo-hydroxycamphor (Figure 10.3). Both 3- and 5-bornane groups can be further reduced to 2,3- and 2,5-bornanedione. Minor biotransformation steps also involve the reduction of camphor to borneol and isoborneol. Interestingly, all hydroxylated camphor metabolites are further conjugated in a Phase II reaction with glucuronic acid. Camphor is extensively metabolized by human liver microsomes to 5-exo-hydroxycamphor (Leibman and Ortiz, 1973; Gyoubu and Miyazawa, 2007). In an in vitroexperiment using Salmonella typhimurium expressing human CYP2A6 and NADPH-P450 reductase, 5-exo-hydroxycamphor was found as a metabolite of camphor, together with 8-hydroxycamphor (Nakahashi and Miyazawa, 2011).
Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of essential oils against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Rajkesh Koundal, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Gopi Chand, Vijai K. Agnihotri, S. G. Eswara Reddy
EO from leaves of C. camphora was rich in camphor (83.8%) followed by limonene (3.1%), sabinene (2.5%) and myrcene (1.4%). Sixteen components identified which account for 95.8% of the total oil. The composition of camphor (84%) is higher in the present study as compared to earlier reports. Frizzo et al. (1999) and Chen et al. (2014) reported 68% and 40.5% camphor in C. camphora, respectively as compared to present studies. Similarly, 9 and 22.9% linalool in C. camphora reported by Frizzo et al. (1999) and Chen et al. (2014), respectively. Leaves of C. flexuosus on hydro distillation yielded geranial (43.1%) as a major compound with other components viz., neral (33.1%), limonene (4.9%), myrcene (1.6%) and β-pinene oxide (1.4%). Nine components identified which account for 85.2% of the total oil. The EOs of seven cultivars of C. flexuosus reported citral (75–85%) and isointermedeol as a major component (Ganjewala et al. 2008; Ganjewala 2009).
Preparation and optimization of glyceryl behenate-based highly porous pellets containing cilostazol
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Kyu-Mok Hwang, Woojin Byun, Cheol-Hee Cho, Eun-Seok Park
Camphor is one of the most common ingredients for pain-relieving over-the-counter products6. It was also used as a penetration enhancer for transdermal drug delivery systems7. It was first applied in solid dosage forms to increase the porosity of orally dissolving tablets8. The porous tablets were prepared by sublimating camphor, a volatile material, after compression using a vacuum oven under high temperature. Recently, it was also applied to prepare porous tablets for gastroretentive drug delivery.9,10. This has lowered the possibility of premature evacuation through the gastric pylorus and has shown promising in vivo results by eliminating the lag time for floating.
Neuroprotective role of camphor against ciprofloxacin induced depression in rats: modulation of Nrf-2 and TLR4
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Abeer Salama, Hend Abd-AlHakim Mahmoud, Mohamed Ahmed Kandeil, Marwa Mahmoud Khalaf
Camphor is a terpenoid natural product found in the wood of the camphor laurel Cinnamomum camphora (C. camphora) and Artemisia fukudo [17]. It was reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory [18], and anticancer effects [19]. Camphor plays a vital role in immunity function and enzymatic inactivity of carcinogens [20]. It was also applied for brain dysfunctions, Alzheimer’s disease, memory disorders, and autism [21]. Hydroalcoholic extract of Cinnamomum containing camphor ameliorated depression symptoms in rats through increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor and serotonin level [22].