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The menopause
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Camphor is derived from Cinnamomum camphora. It is a sedative and was also used in eclampsia, but in large doses camphor could itself cause convulsions. It was prescribed for drowsiness and headaches.
Metabolism of Terpenoids in Animal Models and Humans
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
(+)-Camphor is extracted from the wood of Cinnamomum camphora, a tree endemic to Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it is also one of the major constituents of the essential oils of Salvia officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis. Camphor is commercially used as a moth repellent and antiseptic in cosmetics (aftershaves, face tonics, mouthwash etc.) and pharmaceutically in ointments for treatment of rheumatic pains and coughs (O'Neil, 2006; Bornscheuer et al., 2014). In dogs, rabbits, and rats, camphor is extensively metabolized whereat the major hydroxylation products are 5-endo-and 5-exo-hydroxycamphor (Leibman and Ortiz, 1973). A small amount was also identified as 3-endo-hydroxycamphor (Figure 10.3). Both 3- and 5-bornane groups can be further reduced to 2,3- and 2,5-bornanedione. Minor biotransformation steps also involve the reduction of camphor to borneol and isoborneol. Interestingly, all hydroxylated camphor metabolites are further conjugated in a Phase II reaction with glucuronic acid. Camphor is extensively metabolized by human liver microsomes to 5-exo-hydroxycamphor (Leibman and Ortiz, 1973; Gyoubu and Miyazawa, 2007). In an in vitroexperiment using Salmonella typhimurium expressing human CYP2A6 and NADPH-P450 reductase, 5-exo-hydroxycamphor was found as a metabolite of camphor, together with 8-hydroxycamphor (Nakahashi and Miyazawa, 2011).
Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of essential oils against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Rajkesh Koundal, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Gopi Chand, Vijai K. Agnihotri, S. G. Eswara Reddy
The aromatic plants such as wild turmeric (Curcuma aromatica Salisb; Zingiberaceae), ginger lily (Hedychium spicatum Ham. ex. Smith; Zingiberaceae), pepper mint (Mentha piperita L.; Lamiaceae), spear mint (Mentha spicata L.; Lamiaceae), wild mint (Mentha longifolia L.; Lamiaceae), camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl.; Lauraceae) and lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W.Watson; Poaceae) used in the present study for insecticidal properties against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.). The EOs of Mentha sp are used for gastrointestinal discomfort, stomach and chest pain (Zargari 1990). M. piperita for aroma therapy, nutrition, perfume and cosmetic industry (McKay and Blumberg 2006). Similarly, M. spicata used for gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders, bad breath, dandruff and sedative agents (Conway and Slocumb 1979). It is also used as a flavoring agent in chewing gums/cosmetics/toothpaste. Cinnamomum camphora is used for rheumatic arthritis, muscular/abdominal pain, rheumatism, cough, bronchitis (Shi et al. 2015). Cymbopogon flexuosus for antimicrobial, cytotoxic and insecticidal properties (Sharma et al. 2009). Hedychium spicatum is used for traditional/modern medicine, cosmetic and perfumery industries (Anonymous 1959; Kirtikar and Basu 1976; Chopra et al. 1986; Rawat et al. 2011).
Anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis ecuadorica extract in phthalic-anhydride-induced atopic dermatitis of IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 transgenic mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Bo Ram Song, Su Jin Lee, Ji Eun Kim, Hyeon Jun Choi, Su Ji Bae, Yun Ju Choi, Jeong Eun Gong, Jin Kyung Noh, Hye Sung Kim, Hyun-Gu Kang, Jin Tae Hong, Dae Youn Hwang
Meanwhile, the concentrations of MCE used this study were determined based on the results of several in vitro and in vivo previous studies. MCE effectively inhibited inflammatory responses at 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL in LPS‐stimulated RAW 264.7 cells without any significant toxicity (Song et al. 2020). Most of other natural products including A. cochinchinensis mixture, pomegranate flower, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, and Cinnamomum camphora were treated in LPS‐stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at 10 to 400 µg/mL to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effect (Lee et al. 2006; Jeong et al. 2013; Lee et al. 2017b; Xu et al. 2017). Furthermore, in previous studies using IL-4/Luc/CNS-1Tg mice, many natural products and chemical compound including L. platyphylla, red L. platyphylla, diosgenin and Cheonggukjang were administrated at 25 and 50 mg/kg for 4 weeks, while only A. cochinchinensis were treated at 200 and 400 mg/kg for 2 weeks (Kwak et al. 2013, 2017; Lee et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2016; Sung et al. 2016). Therefore, concentrations of less than 50 mg/kg were considered as primary concentrations for administering MCE. But, the optimal dose of MCE was determined at 40 mg/kg for administrating IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Tg mice because of their maximum saturation concentration.
Pharmacotherapeutic approaches for transportation of anticancer agents via skin
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Pravin Shende, Jai Vaidya, R. S. Gaud
This technique has been widely used in transdermal formulations to enhance drug delivery of drugs by 1) reversibly disrupting the epidermis, 2) enhancing drug penetration across the skin and 3) altering the solubility in such a way that it will penetrate more in the skin. The disruption of lipid bilayer takes place by the technique explained in Figure 6. It was found that Cinnamomum camphora (cinnamon) enhance the in vitro skin transcutaneous flux of 5-FU to considerable extent. Authors accredited the effect of permeation enhancing of molecule to change in structure of skin. Further studies confirmed that camphor changed the properly arranged molecules by altering the polarity of intercellular lipids. The chemical penetration enhancers usually increase permeation and retention into the skin. The most commonly used chemical enhancers for chemotherapy through skin are dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and monoolein. The monoolein is less toxic and biodegradable compared with DMSO, which increases its use as a penetration enhancer. The commonly used chemical penetration enhancers and their characteristics are explained in Figure 7. Recently researchers have developed a transdermal patch consisting of lipid-based transferosomes for painless delivery of drug [49].