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Herbal Drug Discovery Against Inflammation: From Traditional Wisdom to Modern Therapeutics
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Shalini Dixit, Karuna Shanker, Madhumita Srivastava, Priyanka Maurya, Nupur Srivastava, Jyotshna, Dnyaneshwar U. Bawankule
Cinole is one of the major constituents of many aromatic plants, also known as eucalyptol/cajeputol. Cineole is a terpene oxide is present in many aromatic plants such as Lavandula angustifolia, Eucalyptus oils of Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus tereticornis (ET) and Eucalyptus globulus (75%), Rosemary (40%), Psidium (40–60%), etc. (Silva et al., 2003). Cineole is reported to have anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory. This major monoterpene of eucalyptus oil inhibits arachi-donic acid metabolism and cytokine production in human monocytes. Substitution with the hydrophobic groups or electron-donating groups increase the inhibition. The location of the phenolic ring also plays a major role such as methyl substitution at ortho/para with meta-position in the ring (Dewhirst, 1980).
Aromatic Medicine
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Sakshi Bajaj, Himangini Bansal
Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel) belonging to the family of Myrtaceae, with yellow or purple bloom and needles like leaves is a bush of mucky zone. Because of its commercial esteem, it is cultivated on estates. The principal constituent of its oil is terpinen-4-ol, an alcoholic terpene with a clean smelly smell. The antiviral action is expected to α-sabine with antibacterial and antifungal impacts. It is an immune booster due to terpinen-4-ol while cineole is responsible of its antiseptic character (Hammer et al., 2003). The tea tree itself has antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiviral, insecticidal, and immune stimulant properties. The aromatherapy uses the blend of lemon, blue gum, clary sage, eucalyptus, lavender, rosemary, ginger, and Scotch pine for the treatment of various infirmities. The oil is utilized in herpes, blister acne, burns, cold sores, insect bites, abscess, mouth blisters, dandruff, and sleek skin. Further, in the treatment of respiratory-related issues it has been utilized for tuberculosis, bronchitis, cough, asthma, catarrh, and whooping cough. Additionally, it is utilized in females for vaginitis, cystitis, and pruritus treatment. Cold, fever, influenza, and chickenpox have required its use. Well-characterized studies have been done on Melaleuca alternifolia on herpes through clinical trial endeavors with a promising consequence of this plant (Pazyar et al., 2013).
Herbs in Health Management
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements, 2020
Cardamom seeds are the best mouth freshener. In India, it is a custom to eat flavored seeds after a meal. This helps to get rid of bad mouth odor as well as halitosis. Cineole present in the seed works as an antiseptic and antibacterial and thus promotes good oral health.
Accelerated infected wound healing by topical application of encapsulated Rosemary essential oil into nanostructured lipid carriers
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Keyvan Khezri, Mohammad Reza Farahpour, Shokoofeh Mounesi Rad
The acute inflammation is responsible for the production of essential wound healing factors such as cytokines at the early stages. Inflammation as a main step of the wound healing process is important for elimination of the microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however, partial deletion of the microorganisms in the wound area is associated with delay of healing process and destruction of extracellular matrix [1,2]. It was shown that inhibition of wound remodeling and matrix synthesis could significantly delay wound closure [23]. Previously, it was confirmed that Rosemary officinalis essential oil has an antimicrobial activity of Rosemary officinialis essential oil has been attributed to a wide range of antibacterial compounds such as 1,8-Cineole and α-Pinene, especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The obtained results showed that the application of REO-NLCs considerably reduced bacterial growth and colonization in the treated animals, this could be attributed to its bacterial effects. Also, it was reported that 1, 8 cineol (Rosemary) is able to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are positively related to tissue inflammation in different wounds, including diabetic wounds [24]. Therefore, it has been suggested that 1, 8 cineol has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.
Development of galangal essential oil-based microemulsion gel for transdermal delivery of flurbiprofen: simultaneous permeability evaluation of flurbiprofen and 1,8-cineole
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Jie Dong, Xue-min Zhu, Feng-ye Wu, Bing-qing Yang, Han Feng, Yun-fei Dong, Wei Gu, Jun Chen
1,8-cineole, also known as eucalyptol, a colorless liquid, is a natural organic compound. It is an oxygenated monoterpene compound with a refreshing eucalyptus and menthol-like odor and originally identified in many aromatic herbs, such as eucalyptus, camphor laurel, bay leaves, sweet bail and rosemary. 1,8-cineole is a common active agent with anti-inflammatory effects. It ameliorates the inflammatory phenotype of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by mediating NF-ĸB expression [33]. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory properties of 1,8-cineole have been proposed to reduce or prevent gastrointestinal inflammation and ulceration [34]. In addition, 1,8-cineole has also been confirmed to possess comparable analgesic activity to that of morphine [35]. However, despite its promising pharmacological effects, 1,8-cineole still cannot exert the expected efficacy owing to its poor water-solubility and the absence of a satisfactory oral delivery system. ME has been proved to be a good carrier for the development of 1,8-cineole formulation. 1,8-Cineole-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system was found to attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial injury, and was thus proposed as a promising agent for the treatment of inflammatory cardiovascular disease via oral administration [36]. Curcumin-loaded ME formulation was also prepared using 1,8-cineole as an ingredient of ME for transdermal delivery [21]. Although several analgesic pharmaceutical formulations containing 1,8-cineole have been dispensed for external use [37], to the best of our knowledge, the pharmacokinetic profiles of 1,8-cineole after transdermal or dermal administration are still unclear.
Chemical composition and insecticidal activities of the essential oils and various extracts of two Thymus species: Thymus cariensis and Thymus cilicicus
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Selçuk Küçükaydın, Gülsen Tel-Çayan, Mehmet Emin Duru, Memiş Kesdek, Mehmet Öztürk
In addition to these, the toxicities of monoterpenes were investigated and indicated that 1,8 cineole exhibited high toxicity while borneol had weak toxicity against L. decemlineata adults (Kordali et al.2007). In another study, antifeedant activities of 24 common terpenes reported, carvacrol (90.9%), terpinene-4-ol (87.1%), camphor (63.6%), α-terpineol (39.9%), β-caryophyllene (34.7%), and caryophyllene oxide (30.7%) showed feeding inhibitions at 50 µg/cm2 dose against L. decemlineata (Ortiz de Elguea-Culebras et al.2017).