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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Pyrantel pamoate (Antiminth) is used primarily for the treatment of roundworm and pinworm. It may also be of use in treatment of whipworm infestations. Although this agent has not been shown to be teratogenic in animals, there are no adequate studies in humans.
Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Pyrantel pamoate, a pyrimidine derivative, acts by paralyzing nematodes, allowing them to be expelled. Its action is similar to depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (41). Pyrantel pamoate is very poorly absorbed, with half remaining in the intestinal tract unabsorbed. This poor absorption is the basis for its recommendation as first-line therapy in pregnancy. Blood levels of pyrantel pamoate are quite low, but it is not known whether it crosses the placenta. Animal teratology studies were negative, and no human malformations have been reported (compatible with pregnancy category B, but never labeled by the FDA). Pyrantel pamoate is considered safe for use while breastfeeding, due to its low absorption. Side effects (gastrointestinal complaints) are generally minimal and are not increased in pregnancy. Pyrantel doses can be calculated from the pamoate form or the free base (1mg base = 2.9mg pamoate form). Anthelmintic doses are 5 to 10 mg/kg pyrantel base or 15 to 30mg/kg pyrantel pamoate (maximum daily dose, 1-g pyrantel base) (41).
Tropical Colorectal Surgery
Published in Peter Sagar, Andrew G. Hill, Charles H. Knowles, Stefan Post, Willem A. Bemelman, Patricia L. Roberts, Susan Galandiuk, John R.T. Monson, Michael R.B. Keighley, Norman S. Williams, Keighley & Williams’ Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon, 2019
Meheshinder Singh, Kemal I. Deen
Mebendazole or albendazole are the drugs of choice, given as a single dose. Since eggs remain viable for two to three weeks and are commonly disseminated around the house, on children’s toys, bedsheets and furniture, it is often advisable to repeat this treatment at two weeks. Similarly, other members of the family who may be asymptomatic should also be treated at the same time. Mebendazole is contra-indicated in children under two years. Pyrantel pamoate is equally effective when given as a single dose of 10 mg/kg, again followed by an intensive repeat treatment regimen for up to ten weeks. Alternatives include piperazine 50–75 mg/kg daily for seven days and pyrvinium pamoate 5 mg/kg as a single dose.
Abdominal pain – a common presentation with unusual diagnosis: a case report
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2020
Yeshaswini. P.S. Reddy, Sriviji Senthil Kumaran, Varun Vanka, Asra Rab, Viren Patel
General surgery consultation recommended an elective Ladd’s procedure as her symptoms had improved with morphine. Intraoperatively the surgeon found the small bowel to traverse normally through the colon mesentery on the left side, but the right colon was noted to be unusually mobile, easily reaching the left lower quadrant. He also found the right-sided lateral peritoneal reflection to be very loose with easy visibility of the right kidney, duodenum, and pancreas with simple retraction of the right colon. These findings are typical for cecal volvulus and were suspected to be the cause of her chronic abdominal symptoms. Later, pathology findings of the appendix were consistent with endometriosis and intraluminal parasite suggestive of enterobius vermicularis. She was then treated with over the counter pyrantel pamoate 11 mg/kg and a repeat dose in two weeks. On follow up visits the patient did not have any complications from the procedure and her abdominal symptoms had resolved. She was not restarted on OCPs as she did not have any gynaecological issues currently. We are convinced that her chronic abdominal symptoms were due to the mobile cecum, but still not sure whether her acute abdominal symptoms were due to the volvulus, endometriosis, or enterobius vermicularis infection as each of them can mimic acute appendicitis.
A holistic approach is needed to control the perpetual burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections among indigenous schoolchildren in Malaysia
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Nabil A. Nasr, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Yvonne A. L. Lim, Fatin Nur Elyana, Hany Sady, Wahib M. Atroosh, Salwa Dawaki, Ahmed K. Al-Delaimy, Mona A. Al-Areeqi, Abkar A. Wehaish, Tengku Shahrul Anuar, Rohela Mahmud
The Orang Asli of Malaysia are not a homogenous population; they are classified into three main ethno-linguistic tribes (Senoi, Proto-Malay and Negrito), with six subtribes belonging to each tribe, forming a total of 18 subgroups that have, to some extent, different social and cultural characteristics. [19,20] Since the 1920s, several studies in Orang Asli communities showed high prevalence rates of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm infections, where the prevalence ranged between 30.2–69.0%, 15.8–98.2% and 6.0–51.0%, respectively [15,21–25]. Malaysia launched a National Worm Control Programme in 1974 in which three million primary schoolchildren from all rural areas including Orang Asli communities received a single dose of 20 mg pyrantel pamoate. However, shortly thereafter the programme ceased due to a number of problems, including the poor efficacy of pyrantel pamoate against T. trichiura and hookworm infections, inadequate monitoring and evaluation of the programme, and unsupportive socioeconomic and environmental conditions in the targeted areas. [26,27] Some years later, rural areas of some Malaysian states, including Terengganu, Kelantan, Pahang, Selangor, and Johor (including Orang Asli communities in these states) participated in a mass drug administration programme against filariasis for at least five years (2004–2008), which involved the administration of a single annual dose of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole. [28,29]
An evening milk drink can affect word recall in Indonesian children with decreased sleep efficiency: A randomized controlled trial
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2018
Rini Sekartini, Dian Novita Chandra, Tiana Arsianti, Saptawati Bardosono, Tjhin Wiguna, Anne Schaafsma
Exclusion criteria were as follows: Lactose intolerance, malaria, or a family history of impaired iron metabolism (haptoglobin Hp2-2, hemochromatosis, sickle-cell anemia, thalassemia), diagnosed allergies, chronic infections, thyroid disorders, diabetes, mental disturbance, or retarded developments, medications that may affect digestion, absorption of food, alertness, sleep or mental performance, vitamin supplements during the last 14 days before the start of the study. All participants received an anti-worm treatment (125 mg pyrantel pamoate, single dose [Combantrin liquid 5 cc]) one month before the intervention to prevent a potential influence of a worm infection on mental performance. Children participating in the study received small toys as an incentive at test days after finalizing the test.