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Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Trichinosis has a worldwide distribution, but is most prevalent in Europe and North America. The adult Trichinella spiralis are 1 to 4mm in length (32). The female is viviparous, delivering larvae; thus, there is no external egg stage. All carnivorous species, including humans, are the definitive hosts. Most human infections result from ingestion of inadequately cooked meat. Bear, wild pig, boar, horse, and dog meat are the usual sources, but pork is the most common cause in the United States (42). Adult worms, living in the small intestine, release larvae into the mucosal epithelium. The larvae enter the bloodstream and migrate to muscle tissue, where they embed and mature to the infective stage. A cyst envelops the larva, and it remains infective until the cyst calcifies, killing the larva. When meat containing encysted larvae is ingested, the cysts are dissolved by gastric secretions, and the infective larvae are released. Within 36 hours, maturation occurs, and within a week larvae are produced, to become encysted in this new host. Diagnosis of trichinosis is based on the history of ingestion of undercooked meat and a compatible clinical picture (32). Definitive diagnosis requires either laboratory detection of specific antibodies or muscle biopsy finding encysted larvae (31).
Intestinal Inflammation in the Parasitized Host
Published in William J. Snape, Stephen M. Collins, Effects of Immune Cells and Inflammation on Smooth Muscle and Enteric Nerves, 2020
As evident from Table 1, trichinosis is characterized by an early intestinal phase and a subsequent skeletal muscle phase of infection. Trichinosis is initiated when muscle stage larval (L1 or first stage larvae) forms of the parasite are ingested. The intestinal phase of infection is transient, usually lasting between 2–4 wk, and involves the transformation of infective larvae into male and female adult worms which reproduce sexually. The female deposits “newborn” larvae ovoviviparously. The transformation and growth of the parasite to the adult stage involves four molts, or sheddings, of the cuticle and five stages, and occurs within five days (Figure 1). The newborn larvae that are produced migrate to the skeletal muscle of the host where they induce inflammation, but eventually become encapsulated and, over long periods, undergo calcification. While the parasite is in the intestine, both larval and adult stages live within epithelial cells as “intramulticellular” parasites7,8. Likewise, the muscle phase larvae live as intracellular parasites within altered striated skeletal muscle cells9. In summary, the intestinal phase of infection is transient while the muscle phase lasts for the life of the host. The relationship of parasite development to the pathogenesis of disease is illustrated in Table 2.
Diseases encountered by the Society 1870–1914
Published in Gordon C Cook, Disease in the Merchant Navy, 2019
An anonymous writer (who emphasised the potential seriousness of the infection) proceeded to recommend adequate cooking of all pork – whether ‘trichinised or not’; outbreaks of trichinosis on the European continent were due, he considered to the flesh being inadequately cooked, ‘an unpleasant habit which was] common in many parts of Germany of eating pork, particularly in the form of sausages, more than half raw’. ‘Uncooked pork or ham he wrote] is excessively dangerous, and should never be eaten by any person who respects his health or his life …’.
Trichinella spiralis-associated myocarditis mimicking acute myocardial infarction
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Othmane Mohib, Philippe Clevenbergh, Carine Truyens, Marielle Morissens, José Castro Rodriguez
Trichinellosis, also known as trichinosis, is a foodborne parasitic infection widely dispersed all over the world. The disease is endemic in many areas of Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Humans are exposed to the infection via the ingestion of undercooked or raw meat contaminated by nematodes (roundworms) larvae, usually encysted, of the genus Trichinella. The main source of human infection is pigs as well as several other animals (e.g., wild boars, foxes, rats, bears) [1].
Antecedents, development, adoption, and application of Duchenne’s trocar for histopathologic studies of neuromuscular disorders in the nineteenth century
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2019
Andrew J. Waclawik, Douglas J. Lanska
The first muscle biopsy in a patient with suspected muscular dystrophy was reported by German neurologist and psychiatrist Wilhelm Griesinger (1817–1868) (Figure 2) in 1865, shortly after he succeeded Moritz Heinrich Romberg (1795–1873) as director at the university polyclinic in Berlin (Griesinger, 1865).1A separate English translation of this article is available (Griesinger, 1973). Griesinger had hoped to obtain a muscle biopsy using an instrument, invented by German surgeon Albrecht Theodor Middeldorpf (1824–1868)2Middeldorpf studied medicine in Breslau and Berlin until 1846 (Gurlt, 1885). He completed a medical thesis under the direction of German physiologist Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858) and then spent a year as the assistant to Czech anatomist and physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787–1869). (Figure 3) (Middeldorpf, 1856), that was known as “Middeldorpf’s harpoon”3Articles and books referencing Middeldorpf’s harpoon typically misspelled his name [e.g., “Middeldorpff” (Welcher, 1861; Besnard, 1864; Freidriech, 1873) and “Middeldorf” (Schech, 1870)] and uncommonly spelled it correctly (Meissner, 1863; Anonymous, 1864; Rieder, 1895). The common misspelling as “Middeldorpff” continued into the twentieth century. (Figure 4) (Rieder, 1895, p. 290). In 1856 Middeldorpf had introduced instruments for what he called Akidopeirastik,4This was later spelled akeidopeirastie, a term that found its way into standard nineteenth-century medical dictionaries to indicate “diagnosis made by means of pointed instruments” (Dunglison and Dunglison, 1874, p. 29). or diagnosis made by means of pointed instruments (Middeldorpf, 1856), and subsequently Middeldorpf’s harpoon was widely used to obtain muscle samples, especially in cases of suspected trichinosis (Welcher, 1861; Meissner, 1863; Althaus, 1864; Anonymous, 1864; Besnard, 1864). However, Griesinger tried Middeldorpf’s harpoon on a normal person but he felt the small specimen obtained would be insufficient for diagnosis: “At the beginning I wanted to use Middeldorpff‘s [sic] harpoon, but I was convinced by a healthy person that I could not get enough muscle meat with this instrument” (Griesinger, 1865, p. 6).