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Trichinella
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Edoardo Pozio, Fabrizio Bruschi
Nematodes (roundworms) of the genus Trichinella are the causative agents of trichinellosis (formerly trichinosis), a relevant, potentially deadly foodborne disease.1 Humans acquire this infection by the consumption of raw or semi-raw meat and meat-derived products from domestic and wild swine, horses, and carnivores (e.g., bears, walruses, dogs, foxes, badgers, and cougars).2 These zoonotic parasites show a cosmopolitan distribution in all the continents but Antarctica.3 The life cycle of these infectious agents is prevalently sylvatic, but when humans fail in the management of wildlife and domestic animals, Trichinella spp. can be transmitted from the wild to the domestic animals. In addition, some species can be transferred in a reversible path from domestic animals to wildlife.4
Thiabendazole and Flubendazole
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Data on treatment of Trichinella spp. are limited to experimental studies in laboratory animals and veterinary use. Under these conditions it appears to be more effective than albendazole at eliminating both intestinal adults and larvae encysted in the muscles (Chung et al., 2001). There is one report from Korea of the use of a combination of albendazole and flubendazole for treating Trichinella contracted from eating badger meat; three patients were treated for 15–30 days, but the doses used are not stated (Sohn et al., 2000).
Nail changes in systemic diseases and drug reactions
Published in Eckart Haneke, Histopathology of the NailOnychopathology, 2017
Trichinosis, an infestation mainly of the muscles by Trichinella spiralis, causes symptomatic diarrhea, continuous fever, headache, muscle pain that has similarity to dermatomyositis, and allergic lid and facial edema. Blood eosinophilia is high. It was reported to cause splinter-like hemorrhages in 10%–30% of the larval migrating phase. In contrast to virtually all other causes, some of these splinters are not arranged longitudinally and may be painful.123–125 These splinters may be much larger, up to 2 mm wide and 4–5 mm long, first red, then plum-colored and later black.126 The source of infestation is mainly undercooked or raw meat of domestic pigs and wild boar.127 Treatment in the acute stage is with albendazole or mebendazole.128
Epidemiology and management of foodborne nematodiasis in the European Union, systematic review 2000–2016
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Marta Serrano-Moliner, María Morales-Suarez-Varela, M. Adela Valero
Trichinella spp is the most important parasite of this study from a public health point of view. It is a parasite that causes a very aggressive clinical picture and can cause the death of the host. Its transmission would be avoidable if the current European legislation regarding meat processing was adhered to. Outbreaks of this parasitic infection occur when meat from hunted animals is consumed [41] or when corresponding laws are not complied with [61]. As shown in Table 6, trichinellosis does not decrease over the years and the detected cases oscillated; therefore, it is not a controlled disease. To avoid the presence of Trichinella in meat intended for human consumption, areas, where wildlife and livestock holdings coexist, should be subject to a strict monitoring program.
Use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria as live delivery vectors for human and animal health
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Romina Levit, Naima G. Cortes-Perez, Alejandra de Moreno de Leblanc, Jade Loiseau, Anne Aucouturier, Philippe Langella, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Luis G. Bermúdez-Humarán
Trichinellosis is a disease caused by the parasitic nematode Trichinella. Infection in humans is caused by the consumption of larvae present in raw or undercooked meat.121 A vaccine against Trichinella (T.) spiralis was developed using a strain of L. plantarum coexpressing the T. spiralis cathepsin F-like protease 1 gene (TsCPF1) and murine IL-4 (mIL-4). After immunization, mice showed the production of specific antibodies which protected against T. spiralis infection.69
Correlates of Immune Response in Trichinella spiralis Infection
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2018
Eun-Kyung Moon, Su-Hwa Lee, Yunsoo Soh, Yuan-Ri Guo, Ying Piao, Fu-Shi Quan
Trichinella spiralis is distributed worldwide. It has been found in rodents, pigs, horses, bears, and humans, causing a disease called trichinellosis (Franssen et al., 2011). Infection in animals or humans occurs after ingestion of Trichinella larvae that are encysted in muscle tissues of domestic or wild animal meat. Upon infection, T. spiralis larvae will reach the host’s intestinal tract and become adults. Each adult female produces batches of live larvae. These larvae can bore through the intestinal wall and enter the blood and lymphatic system. They are then carried to the striated muscle (Chu et al., 2014). T. spiralis infection induces host immune responses, including antibodies, T cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils as immune reaction to this nematode (Bruschi and Chiumiento, 2012). Antibody response against T. spiralis in infected rats has been reported to be dose dependent. A positive correlation between the number of recovered muscle larvae and serum antibody levels has been found (Franssen et al., 2011). However, whether serum antibody level is positively correlated with infective stage is currently unclear. Serum antibody response is a useful tool for detecting T. spiralis in rats, mice, and humans for diagnosis purpose (Chu et al., 2016; Franssen et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2011). Without detecting T. spiralis-specific antibody response in serum, it is difficult to make a clinical diagnosis of trichinellosis because signs and symptoms of trichinellosis in humans are nonspecific, mimicking many other illnesses. Increased levels of eosinophils in blood or tissue have been historically recognized as a distinctive feature of helminth infections in mammals (Behm and Ovington, 2000). T. spiralis-specific serum antibody response, blood eosinophil response, and a history of consuming potentially contaminated meat are needed to support its clinical diagnosis.