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Respiratory disease
Published in Catherine Nelson-Piercy, Handbook of Obstetric Medicine, 2020
Prostaglandin E2, used to induce labour, to ripen the cervix, and prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol) for termination of pregnancy or for treatment or prevention of postpartum haemorrhage, are bronchodilators and are safe to use.
Animal Models for Investigations of Biomaterial Debris
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Martin Lind, Yong Song, Stuart B. Goodman
The air pouch aspirate was analyzed for leukocyte count. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tumor necrosis factor (TNFa) was measured by L929 bioassay, and metalloprotease activity was measured by a substrate degradation spectrophotometric assay.
Inflammation
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Prostaglandins exert a great variety of physiological actions, but the chemical basis still remains unresolved.306,314 Prostaglandins have been inplicated in both the induction and in the relief of inflammation. In the process of inflammation, when polymorphonuclear leukocytes migrate into the inflamed area, leukocytes release lysosomal phospholipase A2, which in turn hydrolyzes phospholipids and produces polyunsaturated fatty acids, precursors of prostaglandins. The effect of prostaglandins on the inflammatory response is reinforced by the release of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Some prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E1, mimic cyclic AMP action in their effects on the cell. This led to the proposal that prostaglandins mediate the synthesis of cyclic AMP in response to the binding of a hormone to the cell surface. Prostaglandins may cross the cell membrane and cause allosteric activation of adenylate cyclase.242 Prostaglandin E2 often shows opposite physiological effects, and it may function in different ways. It has been established that cyclic AMP can suppress inflammation, and prostaglandin E2 can also exert similar effects. While prostaglandin E relieves asthma, prostaglandins induce allergic responses. However, the opposite actions may be true; prostaglandins E regulate cyclic AMP levels, whereas prostaglandins F regulate cyclic GMP content. In turn, the cellular response to certain stimuli is dependent on the relative cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP concentrations inside the cell.
Thermoregulation: From basic neuroscience to clinical neurology, part 2
Published in Temperature, 2019
Zoltán Szelényi, Sámuel Komoly
The concluding chapter (54) is a state-of-the-art summary of antipyretic therapy, an important filed of clinical pharmacology. The authors, Jonathan James Lee and Daniel L. Simmons, start with the classical antipyretic drug, aspirin, the fever-reducing effect of which has turned out to be due to inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. A systematic treatise of the biochemistry of enzymes and receptors involved in prostaglandin-mediated signal transduction, including – among others – prostaglandin H2, prostaglandin E2, and EP receptors, constitutes the largest part of this chapter. The TRPV1 channel is also discussed. The chapter ends with a discussion of the clinical use of established antipyretics, as well as of novel medicinal agents under clinical trials and topics for future research.
Potential role of estradiol in ovariectomy-induced derangement of renal endocrine functions
Published in Renal Failure, 2019
Ahmed A. El-Gendy, Wael M. Elsaed, Hesham I. Abdallah
Besides the excretory role of the kidney, it has various endocrine functions some of which are still being discovered and elucidated [1]. Several hormones with different functions are secreted by the kidneys. Renin, for example, is released from the juxtaglomerular cells and has autocrine and paracrine effects [2]. Angiotensin-converting enzyme presents in abundance in the proximal tubule (PT) brush border, apart from other sites in the renal tissue [3]. Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced in the interstitial cells of the renal cortex near the bases of the PT and peritubular cells in response to the sensing of oxygen deficiency [4]. In addition, the active forms of vitamin D (vitamin D3) is synthesized in the mitochondria of the PT [5,6]. Furthermore, the renal tissue is involved in the production of adrenomedullin, endothelins, and prostaglandins [7]. Prostaglandin E2 is an important physiologic regulator of blood flow and electrolytes and water homeostasis in the kidney [8]. Prostaglandin E2 is synthesized by cyclooxygenases; COX-1 and COX-2 which stimulate the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid [9].
Investigational drugs targeting prostaglandin receptors for the treatment of glaucoma
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2018
Artemis Matsou, Eleftherios Anastasopoulos
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a classic potent inflammatory mediator, that is also associated with significant side effects, particularly the risk of blood-aqueous barrier disruption making this prostaglandin less attractive than PGF2 [25]. It has high affinity for all four EP receptor subtypes. Each receptor subtype has distinct tissue localization and activates different downstream signaling pathways. EP receptor binding has demonstrated efficacy in reducing IOP by increasing uveoscleral outflow and inducing morphological alterations in the conventional pathway, thus offering encouraging results for the use of EP agonists as IOP lowering agents [26]. The EP2 receptor has been found widely distributed in several ocular structures, including tissues closely associated with aqueous humor regulation, such as the cells lining the Schlemm’s canal, ciliary muscle and trabecular meshwork, as well as more superficial structures such as the corneal epithelium [27]. EP3 and EP4 receptors are also localized throughout the entire trabecular meshwork, the corneal endothelium and conjunctival cells. EP1 is predominantly expressed in TM cells, Sclemm’s canal and corneal epithelium. While EP receptor agonists, particularly EP2, had been associated with greater hypotensive effect in early preclinical studies, their heavy proinflammatory ability established F2α agonists as the preferred agents. Subtype-selective EP receptor agonists are an interesting and promising option in the arena of PG analogs for IOP control, achieving good IOP control while overcoming the unwanted inflammatory effects of native PGE2.