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Thermal Imaging for Arthritis Evaluation in a Small Animal Model
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Pristane is a non-antigenic chemical substance which induces delayed occurrence of arthritis in rats. CD4+ T-cells, heat shock protein 65, and lymphocytes cause chronic arthritis in rats. The chronic arthritis is onset from 60 to 200 days in the rodent by inducing intra-peritoneal injection of pristane. Hence, this chronic arthritis induced due to PIA resembles RA. The clinical characteristic of PIA involves joint swelling followed by pannus formation in affected joints and infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells. The arthritis development is observed by following a macroscopic scoring system which produces the scoring ranging from 0 to 4 in four limbs. PIA is a kind of autoimmune arthritis model in which the onset of the disease occurs four days after the induction. The authors used DA rats to detect the pre-clinical synovitis and histological findings. 150 μL of pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethyl pentadecane) was injected at the base of the tail in DA rats. They followed an arthritis-scoring system to evaluate the individual joints in various regions such as wrist, mid-fore paw, ankle, and mid-foot joints according to scores ranging from 0 to 4. They obtained the maximum score at each extremity and total joint per rat as 20 and 80, respectively.
Combined Purging Approaches in Autologous Transplantation
Published in Adrian P. Gee, BONE MARROW PROCESSING and PURGING, 2020
Elizabeth J. Shpall, Robert C. Bast, Charles S. Johnston, William P. Peters, Roy B. Jones
For each antibody, 24 to 30 Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of Pristane (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). Two weeks after priming, the hybridoma cells were harvested from the culture flasks and pooled. Each mouse was injected intraperitoneally with 1.0 to 5.0 × 107 cells, in 0.5 ml HL-1 medium.
Origins of Life
Published in Jim Lynch, What Is Life and How Might It Be Sustained?, 2023
So, with man at the summit of the evolutionary tree, when and where did the first living systems originate? The Phanerozoic timescale which was the first 600 million years has been well-documented and is divided into eras, periods, and epochs from stratigraphical dating and from the fossils themselves. Evidence for the Pre-Cambrian (the oldest) period came later. Most of the dating is done using isotopic measurements. The fossils are the results of living organisms, and much attention has been on the prokaryotic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) leaving calcareous residues of their mats as they settled. Other bacteria also existed, and these can be seen in cherts (sedimentary rocks composed almost entirely of silica with the general properties of quartz). The structures seen in the rocks often resemble those of organisms in soils today. For example, at Harlech Castle in Wales, an organism that requires ammonia has been found bearing a resemblance to those in older rocks, thought to be enriched from a continuous input of urea from human action! The oldest such rock is the Fig Tree Chert from South Africa at 3100 million years (Figure 3.1). Much younger are the shales (about 60 million years old) which are sedimentary rocks formed from mud with clay and silt. The challenge has been to evaluate if there are chemical markers in the ancient rocks which have analogues in modern organisms. As I investigated such processes during my postgraduate studies referred to in Chapter 1, I was stimulated by the treatise produced at that time by Nobel Laureate Melvin Calvin on Chemical Evolution in 1969. To assemble a cell, critical building molecules are amino acids, polypeptides, purines, pyrimidines, and nucleotides, which would have to come from the primordial atmosphere of methane, ammonia, and water. Of greatest interest in determining markers has been the lipid fraction and especially those with distinctive branched carbon chain structures contained in the lipid (fat) fraction, notably phytane (17 carbon atoms) and pristane (18 carbon atoms). Both are thought to be derived from chlorophyll, the green photosynthetic pigment. Importantly pristane is formed in sediments on oxidising conditions and phytane is formed under reducing conditions. The ratio is therefore an indicator of the oxidative status of sediments. The cellular equivalent of these markers is isoprenoid, which can then be polymerised to squalene (30 carbon atoms), and then can potentially be cyclised into steroids and triterpenoids. We saw in the Introduction that these have been found in a methane-utilising bacterium and the fully saturated steranes and triterpanes found in ancient sediments. Much attention in the field of study has been the photosynthetic bacteria or blue-green algae, and green algae, but the important factor seems be whether the cells have internal membrane networks which are important sources of lipids.
Animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus and their applications in drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Yue Xin, Bo Zhang, Junpeng Zhao, Qianmei Liu, Haoyuan Yin, Qianjin Lu
Pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane, TMPD), an isoprenoid alkane, is a common constituent of mineral oil that is present in many plants in small quantities and concentrated in marine organisms, in which it is transformed from phytols in the diet [51]. Long-term introduction of lymphocytes into the peritoneal cavity of BalB/c mice treated with pristane induces a series of inflammatory responses, including excess cytokine production, lipogranuloma formation, erosive arthritis and lupus-like manifestations, hypergammaglobulinemia, immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, autoantibody production, pulmonary vasculitis, and anemia, which are highly consistent with the human disease [52]. The apoptosis of lymphoid and peritoneal exudate cells is induced by pristane injection, which explains its mechanism of inducing autoimmune pathology [53]. The excess cell debris serves as the autoantigen substrate, resulting in strong IFN-2160 signaling, which is responsible for antibody overproduction via the TLR7-MyD88 pathway in pristane-induced mice [54]. PIL mice produce a wide spectrum of autoantibodies, including ANA, anti-dsDNA, anti-ssDNA, anti-Sm, anti-RNP, anti-Su, and anti-ribosomal P antibodies, by the age of 3 to 4 months [55]. Increased IFN-2160 (IFN-α and IFN-β) levels are present at an earlier age of 4 weeks, indicating a crucial effect on the pathogenesis of SLE. PIL mice are commonly used to elucidate the roles of environmental factors in the disruption of immune tolerance with the exclusion of a genetic predisposition as a counterpart and a complement to spontaneous models.
The Inhibitory Effects of Pentacyclic Triterpenes from Loquat Leaf against Th17 Differentiation
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2020
Xiaoqing Zhou, Huanpeng Chen, Fengjiao Wei, Qingyu Zhao, Qiao Su, Yu Lei, Meng Yin, Xuyan Tian, Zhonghua Liu, Bolan Yu, Chuan Bai, Xixin He, Zhaofeng Huang
BALB/c female mice at 2 months old received a single intraperitoneal injection of 500 μL of pristane (Sigma, Aldrich, MO, US) (Satoh and Reeves 1994). Mice that were injected with equal volumes of saline served as normal controls (n = 6). All of the model mice were randomly distributed into different groups with similar anti-dsDNA antibody means level when they were 6 months old (4 months after pristane injection) Pristane-induced LN mice were randomly divided into the following three groups: (1) OA-treated group (50 mg/kg dissolved in 25% ethanol and 75% hydroxypropyl betadex, n = 13); (2) A prednisone-acetate-treated group served as a positive control (15 mg/kg dissolved in 25% ethanol and 75% hydroxypropyl betadex, n = 14). Prednisone acetate tablets were purchased from Guangdong Huanan Pharmaceutical (Guangzhou, Guangdong, China); and (3) model control group (25% ethanol and 75% hydroxypropyl betadex, n = 15). Treatments were administered by oral gavage twice weekly for 2 months.
Vitamin D supplementation ameliorates arthritis but does not alleviates renal injury in pristane-induced lupus model
Published in Autoimmunity, 2019
Eduarda Correa Freitas, Thaís Evelyn Karnopp, Jordana Miranda de Souza Silva, Rafaela Cavalheiro do Espírito Santo, Thales Hein da Rosa, Mayara Souza de Oliveira, Fabiany da Costa Gonçalves, Francine Hehn de Oliveira, Pedro Guilherme Schaefer, Odirlei André Monticielo
Experimental models have shown to be advantageous when reproducing clinical features of the disease in humans. Such models contribute significantly to the understanding of the SLE pathogenesis. Moreover, pristane-induced lupus (PIL) model is useful for examining the role of environmental triggers involved in the disease [4]. PIL model develop clinical manifestations of SLE, including arthritis, immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis and vasculitis, as well as increases in autoantibodies, including anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm and overproduction of interferon (IFN) I, which is an important feature of SLE pathogenesis. The PIL model replicates many phenotypic and functional abnormalities of human SLE and proved to be very useful in identifying putative pathogenic mechanisms and environmental triggers of this disease. Pristane is an isoprenoid alkane found at high concentrations in mineral oil and is widely used as a sensitizer for increasing the yield of mice ascites. Phagocytosis of pristane by macrophages induces the production of cytokines and the formation of lipogranuloma on mesenteric and other peritoneal surfaces [5].