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Phycochemical screening and standard parameter determination of Spirulina plantesis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Euchema spinosum, cultivated in Indonesia
Published in Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah, Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
I.T. Maulana, L. Mulqie, K.M. Yuliawati, Y. Sukarman, N.A. Suhara, N.A. Suhara, R. Safira
The three algal materials analyzed were known to contain predominantly polar compounds compared to a sum of semi-polar and nonpolar compounds, as can be seen from the value of WSEM (Table 2) which greater than ESEM. WSEM indicates the amount of polar compound or water-soluble compounds that are extractable when the material is macerated with water solvents. ESEM indicates the number of compounds that are extractable when it is macerated with ethanol solvent. ESEM can also be used to predict yield if the material is macerated with solvent ethanol.
Antihypertensive effects of oriental drugs in human and SHR
Published in H. Saito, Y. Yamori, M. Minami, S.H. Parvez, New Advances in SHR Research –, 2020
Hideaki Higashino, Aritomo Suzuki, Koichiro Komai
Therefore, it was clarified that both plants of I.c. and P.e. contained comparably polar compound(s) soluble in water as hypotensive agents, and the working mechanisms would be the following, 1) the inhibition of the arterial contraction partially through the release of endothelium dependent relaxing factor (EDRF) in acute phase of the action, 2) diuretic actions also might be relate to the hypotensive reactions in the chronic experiment.
Local Anesthetics and Additives
Published in Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand, Pediatric Regional Anesthesia, 2019
Jean-Pierre Haberer, Bernard Jacques Dalens
Morphine-6-glucuronide is a minor metabolite in man under normal circumstances, but it has been reported to produce prolonged analgesic effects in animals when injected by various routes (including systemic administration).128 Both morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide are able to produce narcotic effects when they are injected directly into the central nervous system.128 This must be kept in mind when high blood levels of drug are maintained for long periods, since even the most polar compound can penetrate any membrane barrier, including the blood/brain barrier.
An Investigation of the Antiproliferative Effect of Rhododendron luteum Extract on Cervical Cancer (HeLa) Cells via Nrf2 Signaling Pathway
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Ibrahim Turan, Selim Demir, Serap Ozer Yaman, Deniz Canbolat, Ahmet Mentese, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu
A 2′‑7′‑dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) fluorescent probe was used to measure the intracellular generation of ROS (31). This probe is a stable and non-polar compound capable of easy dispersion into cells. After the probe enters the cell, the acetate groups in the structure are cut by intracellular esterases, and the resulting DCFDA is trapped in the cells (32). When DCFDA interacts with ROS within the cell, it emits a highly fluorescent radiance. The intensity of the fluorescence intensity is therefore proportional to the amount of ROS produced in the cells (31, 32). Whether the RLE has the potential to generate ROS in the HeLa cells was evaluted using the fluorometric method. HeLa (5 × 103 cells/well) cells were seeded into a black-walled 96-well cell culture plate and were allowed to attach overnight. The cells were then incubated with various concentrations of RLE (10–40 µg/mL) for 12 h, followed by washing with phosphate buffer saline and loading with 10 µM H2DCFDA for 30 min. Treatment of 1 mM H2O2 for 30 min was used as a positive control. ROS generation was quantified using a plate reading fluorometer (Molecular Devices SpectraMax Paradigm Multi-Mode, Sunnyvale, CA, USA; ex: 480 nm, em: 530 nm), and the results were expressed as relative ROS production compared to untreated control cells (31).
Micellar solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs: effect of surfactant and solubilizate molecular structure
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Zahari Vinarov, V. Katev, D. Radeva, S. Tcholakova, N. D. Denkov
Therefore, the major aim of this article is to clarify the link between the surfactant molecular structure and drug solubilization capacity by studying systematically the effect of 19 different surfactants on the solubility of two hydrophobic drugs of different polarity: fenofibrate and danazol. These two drugs were chosen as they both have solubility-limited absorption (BCS class II) and have similar molecular mass (361 and 338 g/mol for fenofibrate and danazol, respectively), which allows us to compare the effect of drug molecular structure on micellar solubilization. In addition, the model non-polar compound androstane was also studied to clarify the specific role of the ion–dipole interactions for the solubilization capacity of charged surfactant micelles. To gain additional information about the drug–surfactant interactions, the locus of fenofibrate solubilization inside the micelles of different surfactants was studied by UV absorption spectroscopy.
Composition of aerosols from thermal degradation of flavors used in ENDS and tobacco products
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Philip J. Kuehl, Jacob D. McDonald, Derek T. Weber, Andrey Khlystov, Matthew A. Nystoriak, Daniel J. Conklin
Filters and XAD-4 resin were loaded together into accelerated solvent extractor (ASE, Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA) cells and spiked with the following deuterated internal standards: naphthalene-d8, biphenyl-d10, acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10, anthracene-d10, pyrene-d12, benz(a)anthracene-d12, chrysene-d12, benzo(k)fluoranthene-d12, benzo(e)pyrene-d12, benzo(a)pyrene-d12, perylene-d12, benzo(ghi)perylene-d12 coronene-d12, hexanoic-d11 acid, succinic-d4 acid, decanoic-d19 acid, adipic-d10 acid, suberic-d12 acid, homovanillic-2,2-d2 acid, myristic-d27 acid, heptadecanoic-d33 acid, oleic-9,10-d2 acid, and tetradecanedioic-d24 acid (CDN Isotopes, Quebec, Canada) and benzoic-d5 acid, levoglucosan-d7, and cholesterol-2,2,3,4,4,6-d6 (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Andover, MA, USA) Parameters for ASE extraction were: temperature: 80 °C, solvents: 150 mL of dichloromethane followed by 150 mL of acetone, pressure: 1500 psi, extraction time for each solvent: 15 min. After extraction, samples were pre-concentrated to 1 mL with a rotary evaporator (Rotavapor R-124, BÜCHI, New Castle, DE, USA ) under gentle vacuum at 35 ± 2 C. The extracts were then filtered with a 0.2-µm pore size polytetrafluoroethylene membrane syringe filters (Whatman, Florham Park, NJ, USA), and transferred into 2-mL volume amber glass vials. The extracts were split into two parts for PAH and polar compound analysis.