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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Podophyllotoxin is used to treat genital warts (condylar). It is a topical cytotoxic agent to treatment of genital warts for over 60 years. Review of eight published reports detailed adverse outcomes with podophyllotoxin revealed severe toxicity, resulting in maternal and fetal death (Bargman, 1988). However, the author of the review noted that excessive dosing of the drug may have been associated with large areas being treated (56 cm2 in one case), and increased absorption associated with biopsies or wounds. Nevertheless, safer alternatives exist, and should be first-line treatment.
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Published in Samar Razaq, Difficult Cases in Primary Care, 2021
This scenario describes labial adhesions, a not too uncommon scenario in young girls. The adhesions start from the posterior vulva and may extend across its entirety until only the urethral meatus is the visible structure. Differentiating between labial adhesions and congenital vaginal agenesis is important. The underlying cause is not always clear but it is likely to be due to local irritation resulting in fusion of the labial folds. Treatment of adhesions is not always necessary, as the problem may resolve spontaneously as the child reaches puberty and produces endogenous oestrogen. However, this child seems to be affected by the problem and hence a small amount of oestrogen cream applied twice a day for 2 weeks is indicated. This will usually resolve the problem without the need for further courses. Genital hygiene and salt baths are recommended to prevent further episodes of localised irritation leading to a recurrence of the problem. Surgery is very rarely needed. Podophyllotoxin is used in the treatment of genital warts.
Medicinal Plants of the Trans-Himalayas
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Ajay Sharma, Garima Bhardwaj, Pushpender Bhardwaj, Damanjit Singh Cannoo
Many synthetic derivatives of podophyllotoxin have been prepared thus far in order to overcome the toxicity and adverse effects of podophyllotoxin in medication. The major semisynthetic derivatives of podophyllotoxin are teniposide, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, tafluposide, GL331, NK611, and TOP53. These derivatives possess better biological potential and have less side effects than podophyllotoxin (Gordaliza et al., 2004; Nagar et al., 2011; Rather and Amin, 2016). Figure 3.9 represents the molecular structures of some major derivatives of podophyllotoxin.
The effects of anticancer medicinal herbs on vascular endothelial growth factor based on pharmacological aspects: a review study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Sajad Fakhri, Fatemeh Abbaszadeh, Masoumeh Jorjani, Mohammad Hossein Pourgholami
From the pharmacological mechanism point of view, Sang et al., showed the inhibitory potency of deoxy podophyllotoxin (DPT) against the tube formation of VEGF-induced HUVEC (82). Quinazoline linked 4β-amidopodophyllotoxin conjugates also made a decrement in the expression of modulator proteins of such tumor microenvironments, including VEGF-A, AKT-1, STAT-3, p-ERK, and ERK1/2 in individuals with breast cancer (83). As Jiang et al. reported, DPT also demonstrated angiogenesis inhibitory effects on chick chorioallantoic membrane and rat aortic ring (84). Similar studies also confirmed the antiangiogenic influences of Podophylotoxins. Altogether, introduce the anti-VEGF and antiangiogenic effects of Podophylotoxins as their main mechanisms of action against cancer.
ROS-Activated homodimeric podophyllotoxin nanomedicine with self-accelerating drug release for efficient cancer eradication
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Cancer is a major threat to human health. Chemotherapy is one of the primary treatment modalities available for cancer patients. However, the present status of chemotherapy is far from being satisfactory, which is seriously limited to the poor water solubility and the side effects (Zuo et al., 2020). Podophyllotoxin (POD), a natural aryltetralin lignan, is an extract of Podophyllum hexandrum, which has been demonstrated to be effective against cancer (Feng et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2021). POD can specifically bind to tubulin in the cell division process, inhibiting the formation of mitotic spindles (Zhang et al., 2018; Kumbhar et al., 2020). There is evidence that poor water solubility and highly off-target toxicity hinder POD application in clinics (Ou et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020). Hence, it is imperative to develop a simple delivery system to decrease POD toxicity and improve its antitumor effects efficiently.
Highly loaded deoxypodophyllotoxin nano-formulation delivered by methoxy polyethylene glycol-block-poly (D,L-lactide) micelles for efficient cancer therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Chang Zu, Yinglan Yu, Caiwei Yu, Yi Li, Runing Sun, Birendra Chaurasiya, Baoqiang Tang, Daquan Chen, Jiasheng Tu, Yan Shen
Podophyllotoxin, was first isolated in 1880 by Podwyssotzki from the North American plant Podophyllum peltatum L. (American podophyllum) (Canel et al., 2000). Podophyllotoxin binds with tubulin and arrest the microtubules assembly and thus, stop cell cycle in metaphase (Bohlin & Rosen, 1996; Canel et al., 2000; Yong et al., 2009). Unfortunately, podophyllotoxin has failed in clinical practice. Moreover, it can be extremely dangerous in case of overdose. Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT, Figure 1), is considered as Anthriscus sylvestris L. Hoffm’s main lignan constituent (Gordaliza et al., 2000). It has several pharmacological properties including antiproliferative, antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation and anti-allergic (Dall’Acqua et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2011; Zilla et al., 2014; Hui et al., 2016). It has potent anti-proliferative and anti-tumor effects against broad varieties of cancers by modulating the microtubule (Chaudhuri & Luduena, 1996; Guerram et al., 2015). As a promising microtubule inhibitor, the clinical applications of this molecule were limited by its hydrophobicity.