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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Aarthy K. Uthayakumar, Christopher B. Bunker
Overview: These have become increasingly common over the past 50 years, with the highest incidence in young adults. The causative organism is the human papillomavirus (HPV), usually low-risk subtypes (HPV 6 and 11 most frequently). Other HPV subtypes cause different types of warts (Table 27.1). Genital warts are highly infectious and transmitted by direct skin contact. They are frequently transmitted through sexual contact. Anogenital warts in children can raise concerns over possible sexual abuse; however, transmission can occur through infection from the mother’s genital tract at delivery.
Sexual health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Rajeeb Kumar Sah, Sally Robinson
Genital warts are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV has over 100 different variants that can affect various parts of the body. There are over 30 different types of HPV that live around the genital and anal areas, but most genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 and HPV type 11. Genital warts are the most common viral sexually transmitted infection in the UK. In 2018, compared to 2017, the rates decreased by 3% in England and 10% in Northern Ireland (PHE, 2019a; PHA, 2019). Data from Scotland are currently unavailable. In Wales, comparing April to September 2017 with the same period in 2018, rates decreased by 9% (PHW, 2019). The decrease in rates has been mostly among girls who have received the quadrivalent HPV vaccine at the age of 12 to 13 years.
Mucosal immune responses to microbes in genital tract
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
HPV is a member of the Papillomaviridae, consisting of a capsid containing a circular dsDNA genome (approximately 8 kb). Upon sexual contact, HPV establishes productive infections only in the stratified epithelium of the skin or mucous membranes. While the majority of the nearly 200 known types of HPV cause no symptoms in most people, “high-risk” types of HPV are the causal agents of cervical cancer, the second most common cancer among women in the developing world. High-risk HPV types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, also cause oropharyngeal, anal, penile, and vulvar cancer; “low-risk” HPV types cause genital and oral warts. Genital warts are treated with a topical ointment containing imiquimod (a toll-like receptor 7 [TLR7] agonist) or surgery. HPV infection is also common, though usually asymptomatic, in men. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world, causing 260,000 deaths annually, 80% of which occur in developing countries. The incidence of HPV infection and cervical cancer is declining in the developed countries, owing to Pap smear screening for early stages of cervical cancer. The incidence is expected to decline dramatically with the implementation of HPV vaccines.
Psychological aftermath of giant genital warts in a “victim” of the anti-immunisation trend
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Anastasios Liberis, Georgios Pratilas, Roxani Dampali, Anastasia Vatopoulou, Stamatios Petousis, Alexios Papanikolaou
A 19-year-old girl presented at our outpatient gynaecology clinic with an extensive warty tumour of labia majora that developed rapidly in the last eight months after previous treatment with cryotherapy (Figure 1(A)). When genital warts grow rapidly and extensively, they are identified as condylomata acuminata of Buschke and Lowenstein (Irshad and Puckett 2020). These lesions have a very high rate of reoccurrence and a low risk of malignant transformation. Modes of treatment include cryopexy, laser ablation, use of imiquimod, but the majority of relevant published cases were treated with a simple vulvectomy (Frega et al. 2002; Tripoli et al. 2012; Correia and Santos 2015). It should not be overlooked that a lot of research is done in treating genital warts with immunotherapy which appears to be a promising new treatment strategy (Aldahan et al.2016). Our case was treated with local escision with a narrow margin to preserve local anatomy and the post-op result was very satisfactory in terms of aesthetic result, as also in pain. Postoperatively she was instructed to self administration of imiquimod twice weekly for 12 weeks (Figure 1(B–D)).The histopathology report confirmed the diagnosis (Figure 1(E,F)). Interestingly she was found positive for the HPV subtype 11.
Intralesional immunotherapy for the treatment of anogenital warts in pediatric population
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Anogenital warts in children can be caused by both mucosotropic types HPV 6 and 11 and cutaneotropic types HPV 1 and 2 along with a variety of other HPV types such as types 16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 45, and 56 (9). Careful evaluation of the anogenital region for signs of sexual abuse in children with genital warts is mandatory e.g. vaginal/penile or anal bleeding, discharge, lacerations, bruises, enuresis, etc (10).. If abuse is suspected, screening for other sexually transmitted infections should be performed. A detailed history should be taken and a thorough physical examination of the parents should be done to detect any genital and non-genital warts. Determination of abuse in children is difficult due unpredictable latent period of genital warts and different modes of transmission in children (2).
Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention to Increase Human Papillomavirus Knowledge and Attitude in Staff and Nursing Students
Published in Journal of Community Health Nursing, 2020
Camellia Torabizadeh, Narjes Nick, Fatemeh Vizeshfar, Neda Jamalimoghadam, Shahpar Bagheri
Viruses are the cause of many cancers; 15–20% of human cancers and 80% of cervical and liver cancers are associated with viruses (Fakhraei & Haghshenas, 2013). Because there is no antiviral treatment for HPV, one of the major problems in communities is the high prevalence of genital HPV infection in sexually active youth (Bolognia et al., 2018). Although most cases of HPV infections improve on their own, they can sometimes lead to cancer and genital warts (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019b). Of the 14 million new cancer cases in 2012 worldwide, 2.2 million (15.4%) were related to infectious carcinogenic agents (Plummer et al., 2016). HPV rarely causes cancer; however, because of its high prevalence, the cancers associated with it are also rising. In 1996, WHO in conjunction with the National Cervical Cancer Coalition (NCCC) and the European Research Organization on Genital Infection and Neoplasia (EUROGIN) identified HPV as the most important cause of cervical cancer (Cobo, 2012).