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Artificial intelligence as a feminist bioethics issue
Published in Wendy A. Rogers, Jackie Leach Scully, Stacy M. Carter, Vikki A. Entwistle, Catherine Mills, The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Bioethics, 2022
AI applications are also being developed to advance care for cervical cancer, which is the second most common type of cancer in women aged 15 to 44 years worldwide (ICO/IARC 2014). In particular, less-resourced countries are burdened with 80% of cervical cancer incidence and 90% of cervical cancer mortality respectively (Hu et al. 2019). Pap smears, human papillomavirus (HPV) tests and colposcopy are common screening and diagnostic tools in high-income countries, but they require expensive specialized equipment, laboratories and qualified personnel. Emerging AI technologies for cervical cancer detection include cervicography algorithms to classify cervical dysplasia and automated visual evaluation algorithms that can analyze digital images to identify precancerous cells (Xu et al. 2017; Hu et al. 2019). There is great hope that these methods can provide more affordable tools for low-resource regions that may lack qualified specialists (Xu et al. 2017). Other commercial products in development for cervical care include “smart” tampon platforms that aim at identifying early biomarkers for endometriosis and cervical cancer by analyzing women’s menstrual blood (“Nextgen Jane,” 2020).
Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Currently, preventative vaccines are being developed using weakened or harmless virus forms to impart and invoke the immune system, which can then recognise and fight with the potential threats. These therapeutic vaccines compel the immune system to attack cancer cells. Four vaccines have been designed to treat or prevent cancer:Sipuleucel-T: The first therapeutic cancer vaccine that received the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for treatment of some forms of prostrate cancer. It uses a patient’s re-engineered cells, which are then injected back into the body to help activate the immune system.Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG): It is widely used as a preventative vaccine for tuberculosis, but also used as a therapeutic vaccine to treat very early stages of bladder cancer.Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV): HBV became the first FDA-approved vaccine to prevent cancer. Children receive the HBV vaccine soon after birth to prevent liver cancer, as recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: These are the preventive vaccines designed for protection against infections from HPV strains responsible for many cancers.
Optimal Nutrition for Women
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Kayli Anderson, Kaitlyn Pauly, Debra Shapiro, Vera Dubovoy
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States. Over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed annually.112 Endometrial cancer is the most common cancer in women’s reproductive organs and the fourth most common cancer among women.113 Over 57,000 new cases are diagnosed annually.112 Cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in women worldwide.114 Most cases stem from infection with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted disease. In the United States, ovarian cancer accounts for more deaths than any other gynecologic malignancy.115 Over 14,000 deaths are related to ovarian cancer each year.112 Environmental, lifestyle, dietary, and genetic factors play a role in all of these women-specific cancers (read more in the supplemental materials for this chapter).
Relation of Personal Characteristics with Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Outcomes: Assessing the Mediating Role of Vaccine Hesitancy Dimensions
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2023
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines effectively prevent HPV infections that cause certain cancers, namely cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal, and penile (Dehlendorff et al., 2021; Lei et al., 2020; NCI, 2022). The effectiveness of HPV vaccines has resulted in the dramatic reduction of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma among women in the United States (U.S.) between 1999 and 2017 (Mix et al., 2021), and similar effects are believed to have occurred in countries with HPV vaccination programs during similar time periods (Dehlendorff et al., 2021; Drolet et al., 2019; Lei et al., 2020). Despite its effectiveness, the rate of HPV vaccination lags behind other vaccines in the U.S. Pingali et al. (2021) found that tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine coverage (≥1 dose) among adolescents was 90.1%, meningococcal conjugate vaccine coverage was 89.3%, and HPV vaccine coverage was 75.1% in 2020. The authors also found that only 58.6% of adolescents were considered up to date on their HPV vaccine doses. These findings suggest that the rate of certain cancers can be further reduced by increasing HPV vaccination coverage, resulting in considerable research interest on the antecedents of HPV vaccine receipt to identify avenues to promote vaccination (Oh et al., 2021; Walling et al., 2016). The current article continues this stream of research.
Clearance of HR-HPV within one year after focused ultrasound or loop electrosurgical excision procedure in patients with HSIL under 30
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2022
Yi Qin, Qing Li, Xunyu Ke, Yan Zhang, Xiaoling Shen, Wenping Wang, Qiuling Shi, Chengzhi Li
Cervical cancer ranks second among malignant tumors as a lethal disease among women and poses a great threat to women’s health and life, with the morbidity increasing in younger populations [1]. A large number of studies have confirmed that persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is closely related to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2–3 (CIN 2–3) and that HR-HPV is an important factor for the progression of CIN 2–3 to invasive cervical cancer [2]. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection in life with the peak incidence observed among sexually active women [3]. The major peak of HPV infection occurs in women aged 26–30 years [4], who are more likely to be infected with the high carcinogenic types [5].
Does group education affect mothers’ knowledge and attitudes towards the HPV vaccine?
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2022
Nevin Çitak Bilgin, Dilek Coşkuner Potur, Gülnur Yildirim
Sexually transmitted infections are an important public health issue worldwide. While some of these infections can be treated, some viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), cannot be treated (World Health Organization (WHO), 2019). HPV has 200 different genotypes (Özerdoğan & Gürsoy, 2017; Ulus, 2015), and some genotypes (6, 11, 16, and 18) are known to cause warts and cervical cancer in the genital area (Ulus, 2015; WHO, 2019). The WHO reported in 2018 that more than 290 million women worldwide were infected with HPV, 570,000 new cases of cervical cancer were observed, and 311,000 women died due to this cancer (WHO, 2019). Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer among women living in underdeveloped countries and ranks fourth among all the cancers occurring in women of all ages worldwide (WHO & IARC, 2018). Cervical cancer is a major health problem in Turkey, ranking third among the cancers of the female reproductive system and second with respect to the mortality rate associated with these cancers (WHO & IARC, 2018).