China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Increased toxicity produced by adding platinum chemotherapy to radiotherapy can be considerable, with more marked mucositis, dysphagia, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, myelodysplasia, and neutropenia. Chemotherapy toxicity can also interfere detrimentally with radiotherapy delivery, causing breaks in treatment, which are associated with poorer outcomes.
Nucleic Acids as Therapeutic Targets and Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
These agents all interact with DNA, causing cross-links which ultimately trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death). The platinum complexes are all administered intravenously. There have been attempts to develop an orally active analog (e.g., JM-216) but none has been commercialized to date. One disadvantage of the metal complexes is their high cost of manufacture due to the platinum content.
Diseases of the Peripheral Nerve and Mononeuropathies
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Diana Mnatsakanova, Charles K. Abrams
Platinum chemotherapy agent designed to have fewer side effects. However, it has actually been associated with a unique, but frequent, sensory neuropathy, which is triggered or exacerbated by cold exposure. The neuropathy is rapidly reversible without persistent impairment of sensory function.
Strategic developments in the drug delivery of natural product dihydromyricetin: applications, prospects, and challenges
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Ruirui Zhang, Hao Zhang, Houyin Shi, Dan Zhang, Zhuo Zhang, Hao Liu
Platinum drugs can combine with DNA to cause tumor cytotoxicity, which resulted in a high cure rate in clinical solid tumors (Zhang et al., 2022). However, due to their serious toxicity and side effects on normal tissues, especially kidneys, platinum drugs are limited in clinical application (Stankovic et al., 2020). It has been reported that DHM can be used as a reasonable chemosensitizer and attenuator of platinum drugs by activating the p53/Bcl-2 signal pathway, NF-κB/p65 signal pathway, and inhibiting the expression of multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) (Figure 2) (Jiang et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017). Adriamycin (ADR) is a highly effective anthracycline anti-tumor drug, which takes effects by inserting into the DNA of tumor cells. The clinical application of ADR is limited by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) such as heart dysfunction and even heart failure (C Liu et al., 2020). Researchers have found that DHM can reverse MDR, reduce DIC, and enhance the curative effect by inhibiting activation of NLRP3 inflammatory corpuscle, P-gp function, MAPK/ERK signal pathway, p38MAPK signal pathway, and p53 signal pathway (Figures 3 and 4) (Zhao et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2017; Y Sun et al., 2018; Y Sun, Liu, et al., 2019; Z Sun et al., 2020). Therefore, the combination with DHM is an effective way to solve the above problems of ADR. In addition to platinum drugs and ADR, DHM can also improve the efficacy of all-trans retinoic acid and reverse the MDR of 5-fluorouracil through various mechanisms (Zhou et al., 2014; He et al., 2018; M Wu et al., 2020).
Cost-effectiveness of pembrolizumab for the first-line treatment of recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in the United States
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
Rebekah H. Borse, Karthik Ramakrishnan, Jyotika Gandhi, Praveen Dhankhar, Diana Chirovsky
Drug acquisition costs were calculated based on public prices (Table 1)45. Except for pembrolizumab, for which the dosing was 200 mg fixed dose intravenously every 3 weeks for a maximum of 35 cycles (2 years)31, average drug costs for other therapies were approximated using the least expensive combination of vials for an average patient without allowing for vial sharing between patients. The drug cost for cetuximab was based on a weekly schedule until disease progression, without a maximum number of treatment cycles46, whereas for cisplatin, carboplatin, docetaxel, paclitaxel, and 5-FU46–51, drugs were administered once every three weeks for a maximum of six cycles. For platinum-based therapies with either carboplatin or cisplatin, the average cost was calculated assuming that 42.13 and 57.87% of patients receive cisplatin and carboplatin, respectively, based on the KEYNOTE-048 trial. Each cycle, the cost for drug acquisition and their administration were applied to patients still on treatment based on ToT curves. For pembrolizumab monotherapy, pembrolizumab combination therapy, and the EXTREME regimen, ToT was derived using KEYNOTE-048 trial data and for other model comparators, extrapolated PFS curves were used as a proxy for ToT data (Figure 1).
A retrospective study of the epidemiology and histological subtypes of ovarian epithelial neoplasms at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital
Published in Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, 2021
Following surgery and chemotherapy, patient response to treatment is assessed using imaging studies and according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours (RECIST).49 Under RECIST, tumour size and/or suspected involved lymph nodes are measured radiographically, on computed topography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and compared with original tumour size to determine if there has been complete or partial response, progressive or stable disease compared with pre-treatment measurements.39,50 Despite a good response to primary treatment, a large proportion of patients develop recurrent disease.49,51 Platinum-based chemotherapy remains the mainstay for treatment. However, in cases showing a poor response, targeted therapy has demonstrated improved outcomes.51,52