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Endangered Medicinal Plants of Temperate Regions: Conservation and Maintenance
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Use of various organic manures mainly FYM, vermicompost, green manure, etc., may be used as per the requirement of the plant (Table 9.8). The research conducted in Kalimpong (Darjeeling) revealed that use of vermicompost @ 0.50 t/ha and forest litter @ 3 t/ha was the best in producing good economic yield. To prevent diseases, bio-pesticides could be prepared (either single or mixture) from neem (kernel, seeds, and leaves), chitrakmool, dhatura, cow’s urine, etc. The disease can be prevented with the help of various bio-pesticides either in a single or mixture of neem (i.e., kernel, seed, and leaves), powder, dhatura, chitrakmool, cow’s urine, etc. Observation revealed that under field conditions, the plant is mostly attacked by ant and termite. To overcome this problem, Phorate should be applied as per the need and necessity.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Considering only farm women (n = 25,814) in the AHS, 10 pesticides were found to be associated with allergic asthma and one with nonallergic asthma.1061 Ten pesticides included: two herbicides, that is, 2,4-D and glyphosate; seven insecticides, that is, a carbamate (carbaryl), OPs (coumaphos, parathion, malathion, and phorate), an organochlorine (DDT), a pyrethroid (permethrin), and one fungicide (metalaxyl). Of these, the OP insecticides parathion and coumaphos again showed the strongest associations, as did the fungicide metalaxyl. The insecticide permethrin was the only exposure associated with nonatopic asthma in women.
An Overview of the NIAID/NIH Chemical Medical Countermeasures Product Research and Development Program *
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
David. T. Yeung, Gennady. E. Platoff Jr., Jill. R. Harper, David. A. Jett
A number of the chemical threats of interest are known to primarily target the nervous system. These chemicals include cholinergic agents that can induce seizures potentially followed by neuropathology and in the longer term, adverse neurological sequelae. The biological and mechanistic details of the injury processes are described elsewhere in this book and will not be discussed here in-depth. From the civilian perspective, cholinergic-based chemical threats specifically include the classical CWA nerve agents as well as OP pesticides such as chlorpyrifos, phorate, paraoxon, and disulfoton. Included here as well are the carbamate pesticides, such as aldicarb and methomyl. The primary mechanism of toxicity exerted by OP and carbamate poisons is anti-cholinesterase (anti-ChE) activity via inhibition of ChE enzymes, especially the neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The inhibition of AChE results in increased acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the synapses of central and peripheral nervous systems. If this increase is left uncontrolled, clinical manifestations of intoxication such as miosis, fasciculations, respiratory distress, seizures, convulsions, increased secretions, and death can quickly occur (Bajgar, 2004, 2005; Taylor, 2001). While the mechanism of toxicity via cholinergic hyperstimulation is the same for the CWAs and carbamate and OP pesticides, the relative potencies can be radically different (Hollingshaus et al., 1983; Parker and Goldstein, 2000). To date, the NIH has supported numerous projects aimed at mitigating cholinergic toxicity. These various projects have taken a number of different antidotal and symptom-based therapeutic approaches.
Lipid emulsion for the treatment of acute organophosphate poisoning: an Open-Label randomized trial
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Ashok Kumar Pannu, Sahil Garg, Ashish Bhalla, Deba Prasad Dhibar, Navneet Sharma
Our results contrast animal data, case reports, and nonrandomized case series, most of which suggest that ILE has beneficial effects in OP poisoning [20–23,34–36]. The explanation for the failure of ILE to affect clinical outcomes substantially in our trial is not clear. Some experts believe that ILE does not sequester the toxin but may behave as a mere transport vehicle akin to extra tissue-binding sites [42]. Furthermore, it may stabilize the OP from degradation [43]. An Iranian rodent study [44] demonstrated no benefit of ILE for diazinon (a highly lipid-soluble OP), likely due to its conversion into a potent and less lipid-soluble compound. Most OPs ingested by our study patients (i.e., chlorpyrifos, phorate, triazophos) were highly lipophilic, albeit more than half of the compounds remained unidentified [36]. Regardless of the explanation, our findings weaken the concept that the ‘lipid sink’ approach is a useful treatment option for reducing morbidity and CFR in OP poisoning. However, it remains possible that poisoning of the OP, different from the one ingested in our study patients, might benefit with ILE, as was observed with malathion and parathion compounds by animal data and case reports [20–22,34–36].
Health risk assessment of 42 pesticide residues in Tieguanyin tea from Fujian, China
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Qinghua Yao, Sun-An Yan, Jie Li, Minmin Huang, Qiu Lin
A total of 90 Tieguanyin tea samples (500 g each) were randomly collected from Anxi County (n = 30), Hua-an County (n = 30), and Datian County (n = 30), Fujian province of China. These counties are the major producing regions of Tieguanyin tea. The sampling was performed by authorized personnel from the agricultural bureau in the counties involved according to guideline in China (Standardization Administration of China [SAC] 2013). Distinguishing from picking season, 45 and 45 tea samples were respectively harvested in the spring (April) and the autumn (September) of 2019. The samples were taken to the laboratory for the detection of 42 pesticides: α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, methamidophos, fenvalerate, methomyl, carbofuran, dicofol, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, fipronil, phorate, isofenphos-methyl, ethoprophos, octachlorodipropyl ether (S421), imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, clothianidin, imidaclothiz, permethrin, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, chlorfluazuron, tolfenpyrad, buprofezin, chlorpyrifos, diafenthiuron, triazophos, and carbendazim.
Intentional pesticide poisoning and pesticide suicides in Nepal
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Rakesh Ghimire, Leah Utyasheva, Manisha Pokhrel, Neshan Rai, Birendra Chaudhary, Pratap Narayan Prasad, Sangha Ratna Bajracharya, Bhupendra Basnet, Krishna Deo Das, Nandu Kumar Pathak, Madan Prasad Baral, Rajan Pande, Pramod Paudel, Sanu Krishna Shrestha, Sumana Bajracharya, Ritesh Chaudhary, Gyanendra Bahadur Malla, Dilli Ram Sharma, Buddha Basnyat, Mahesh Kumar Maskey, Michael Eddleston
OP insecticides are a common means of self-harm in the LMIC because they are very widely used in agriculture [7]. The common OPs currently used in Nepal include dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate and malathion [9,22–24]. A hospital-based study from five major hospitals across Nepal in 2002 showed that OP compounds were the most common agent for self-poisoning, methyl parathion and dichlorvos being the key pesticides involved [25]. Since that time, methyl parathion has been banned (2006) [26]. Many of the pesticides identified by the forensic science laboratories in our study were OP insecticides (dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, triazophos, sulfotep, quinalphos, phorate, methyl parathion). However, many were uncommon causes of death and several have been banned. The police toxicology data identified the individual compound for relatively few deaths, but was able to provide important chemical class-based identification of responsible pesticides in a much larger sample of cases compared to NFSL which only took cases from around Kathmandu.