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Diagnosis of Drug Eruptions: Clinical Evaluation and Drug Challenge
Published in Kirsti Kauppinen, Kristiina Alanko, Matti Hannuksela, Howard Maibach, Skin Reactions to Drugs, 2020
Kristiina Alanko, Kirsti Kauppinen
The majority of drugs are known to cause adverse skin reactions. Selecting an agent for a provocation test is often difficult. A detailed history of the drugs consumed at the onset of the eruption is important There is little help from the clinical appearance of the rash. Only a few drugs often cause typical reactions, e.g., phenazone derivatives fixed drug eruptions, and penicillins as well as acetosalicylic acid (aspirin) urticarias.11 Lists based on critical studies of the agents most frequently causing drug eruptions are of great help. However, as the pattern of drug consumption varies between the countries, the etiological drugs and their proportional frequencies vary greatly depending on the country and the time of the study. In a Finnish series of consecutive studies on patients from a dermatological clinic, the majority of drug eruptions were caused over the years by antimicrobial agents and antipyretic/anti-inflammatory analgesics, the third largest group being drugs acting on the central nervous system. The majority of eruptions caused by antimicrobials were due to penicillins, sulfonamides, or trimedioprim.11
The pharmaceutical industry of Toyama prefecture, Japan
Published in Stephan Kloos, Calum Blaikie, Asian Medical Industries, 2022
The Toyama tax office was responsible for the next major change in the haichi medicines industry. In 1923, the government of Japan reformed the entire taxation system for medicines, abolishing specific patent medicine sales taxes and imposing general business tax on patent medicines instead. However, the Toyama tax office declared that it would continue to levy patent medicine sales tax on each chōnushi belonging to a haichi medicine company unless that company properly standardised the formulas for their medicines. This tax-driven regulatory development gave rise to significant changes in the formulation and production of haichi household medicines. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, both the larger haichi medicine companies and the smaller pharmacies standardised the formulas for their household medicines. Within the rules of the Patent Medicine Affairs Law of 1914, there was room for manufacturers to independently create a “family medicine” with a personally devised recipe based on Wakanyaku or classical Kampo formulas. Many companies developed such formulations, utilising the traditional range of Wakanyaku but excluding those items banned under previous legislation. They also began to include raw materials used in Western medicine at the time, such as santonin and phenazone, thereby creating new hybrid drugs by combining elements of Eastern and Western pharmacologies. Many companies also started to produce the most popular haichi medicines in large quantities and to wholesale packaged medicines to their vendors, instead of various chōnushi making their own versions of them under the company name. These developments together led to the emergence of a particular form of patent medicine from merging classical with family-specific formulas and Eastern with Western raw materials, while setting haichi medicine producers firmly on the path to becoming industrial pharmaceutical manufacturing companies.
Methods of Phyto-Constituent Detection
Published in Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf, Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf
Gelatin test: To a solution of tannin, add an aqueous solution of gelatin and sodium chloride (Sofawora, 1982). A white buff color precipitates, indicating the presence of tannins.Goldbeater's skin test: Soak a small piece of Goldbeater skin in 20% hydrochloric acid, rinse with distilled water, and place in a solution of tannin for 5 minutes. Wash the skin piece with distilled water and keep in a solution of ferrous sulfate. A brown or black color produced on the skin indicates the presence of tannins.Phenazone test: Take a mixture of the test drug and sodium phosphate and heat, cool, and filter. Add a solution of phenazone to the filtrate. A bulky and colored precipitate shows the presence of tannins.Matchstick test (Catechin test): Take a matchstick dipped in the test drug, dry it near a burner, and moisten with concentrated hydrochloric acid. On warming near a flame, the matchstick wood turns pink or red due to formation of phloroglucinol.Chlorogenic acid test: Treat an extract of chlorogenic acid containing the test drug with aqueous ammonia. A green color forms on exposure to air.Vanillin-hydrochloric acid test: In a sample solution, add vanillin-hydrochloric acid reagent. A pink or red color forms due to formation of phloroglucinol.Ferric chloride test: Mix the test drug mix with 1% ferric chloride solution which gives a blue, green, or brownish-green color.
Novel N-methylsulfonyl-indole derivatives: biological activity and COX-2/5-LOX inhibitory effect with improved gastro protective profile and reduced cardio vascular risks
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
John N. Philoppes, Mohamed A. Abdelgawad, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Mohamed Sebak, Mostafa A. Darwish, Phoebe F. Lamie
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common method of treatment of inflammatory symptoms. They act through inhibition of biotransformation of arachidonic acid (AA), a membrane bound phospholipid, to prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclines (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) by the action of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes (COX-1, 2, 3)5–7. COX-pathway inhibition leads to unwanted side effects such as ulcerogenicity, hepatic and renal toxicity, which have arisen due to COX-1 inhibitors and cardiovascular disorders caused by COX-2 inhibitors. Both NSAIDs that could inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, such as aspirin, phenazone and indomethacin, (Figure 1), as well as selective COX-2 inhibitors, especially like, roficoxib and valdecoxib, (Figure 1) can increase the cardiovascular risks specially in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease. This can be caused by the imbalance in PGI2 (potent vasodilator and antithrombotic)/TXA2 (prothrombotic) ratio. Consequently, most drugs have been used in a restricted manner or even withdrawn from the market8–10. This leads to a search for new compounds that act in another way to metabolise AA. Liopoxygenase (LOX) enzymes (5-, 8-, 12- and 15-LOX) convert AA to leucotrienes. 5-LOX is the one associated with inflammation, bronchoconstriction, allergy and asthma11–13.
Effects of resistance training and nigella sativa on type 2 diabetes: implications for metabolic markers, low-grade inflammation and liver enzyme production
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Soheila Jangjo-Borazjani, Maryam Dastgheib, Efat Kiyamarsi, Roghayeh Jamshidi, Saleh Rahmati-Ahmadabad, Masoumeh Helalizadeh, Roya Iraji, Stephen M Cornish, Shiva Mohammadi-Darestani, Zohreh Khojasteh, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani
Total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured using enzymatic colorimetric methods with cholesterol oxidase-peroxidase amino phenazone phenol and glycerol-3-phosphateoxidase-peroxidase amino phenazone phenol. The CV for cholesterol is 1.9% at 3.22 mmol/L and 1.3% at 7.72 mmol/L. The CV for triglyceride is 1.8% at 1.02 mmol/Land 1.4% at 2.27 mmol/L. HDL-C was measured using homogenous enzymatic colorimetric assay with a CV of 4.8% at 0.93 mmol/L and 3.7% at 2.06 mmol/L. LDL-C was calculated using the Friedewald formula. Activity of liver enzymes were measured by photometric method and Pars Azmoon kits (Tehran, Iran); with sensitivity of 2, 4 and 3 units per litre for aspartate aminotransferase enzymes, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase respectively on a Hitachi 911 Autoanalyzer (Japan).
The Texture of Psychoactive Illicit Drugs in Iran: Adulteration with Lead and other Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2018
Maryam Akhgari, Fatemeh Moradi, Parisa Ziarati
Over the past few years, an epidemic of methamphetamine use has emerged in Iran’s young population (Noroozi, Malekinejad, and Rahimi-Movaghar 2018). Methamphetamine samples’ analysis confirmed the presence of drugs and other adulterants in samples. The obtained results were in accordance with the results obtained in Tehran and Kermanshah provinces in Iran (Amini, Etemadi-Aleagha, and Akhgari 2015; Shekari et al. 2016). Component analysis of amphetamine samples in Denmark showed that these samples contained caffeine, creatine, salicylamide, acetaminophen, and phenazone (Andreasen, Lindholst, and Kaa 2009). The difference between the composition of amphetamine samples in Iran and other countries may be due to the production of methamphetamine from different laboratory procedures and precursors. Adulteration of final products with unwanted substances could occur in several ways. Inadequate purification of the products, primary reagents residues, or their incomplete reaction during preparation can contaminate the final material (Iqbal 2002).