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Psychotropic Use during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Chloral hydrate is an effective hypnotic and sedative agent. There is a paucity of information regarding the safety of chloral hydrate use during pregnancy. However, among 71 infants born to women who used chloral hydrate during the first trimester, the frequency of congenital anomalies was not increased (Heinonen et al., 1977). No gross external defects were observed in pregnant mice with chloral hydrate in doses less than one to five times the human dose (Kallman et al., 1984).
Chloral Hydrate
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Chloral hydrate is a synthetic monohydrate of chloral with sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsive properties. Formerly it was used as a hypnotic and sedative in the treatment of insomnia, but is was effective for short time use only. It is no longer considered useful as an anti-anxiety medication. This agent has also been used as a routine sedative preoperatively to decrease anxiety and cause sedation and/or sleep with respiration depression or cough reflex. Chloral hydrate is probably not used anymore (1). Formerly, chloral hydrate was also used topically as a counter-Irritant (rubefacient) for the relief of itching and pain (2).
Alcohol and Sedatives
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl®), is a Schedule IV controlled substance. It is rapidly absorbed, mildly bound to protein (30 to 50%), metabolized by the liver to a product excreted by the kidney, and has a half life of 10 to 20 h, but its duration of action is about 5 h. Overdose is similar to chloral hydrate. It is not very dialyzable.
Open hepatic artery flow with portal vein clamping protects against bile duct injury compared to pringles maneuver
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Siliang Zhang, Pingli Cao, Pinduan Bi, Fu Yang, Ming Wu, Ding Luo, Bin Yang
Rats were fasted overnight before operation and had free access to water. Anesthesia was carried out the intraperitoneal injection of 10% chloral hydrate at a dose of 3 mL/kg. All operational steps were taken with microsurgery instruments (Shanghai Medical Instruments, Shanghai, China). In all groups, after a midline laparotomy, the ligaments around the liver were divided, the hepatic portal triad was removed, and collateral vessels to the hepatic hilum were disconnected. The HA and PV were meticulously freed individually. In the sham group, no further steps were performed except for the closing abdomen. In the CPM group, the hepatic portal triad was occluded for 45 min with two microvascular clamps. In the IPM group, the hepatic portal triad was clamped for 15 min and then reperfused for 5 min, for a total of 3 cycles. In the CHAFO group, after being meticulously with microsurgical instruments, the PV was clamped with a microvascular clamp and the HA were kept open for 45 min. In the IHAFO group, the portal vein were clamped for 45 min, while the hepatic artery was clamped for 5 min and re-open for 15 min, and these steps were alternate for 45 min. After completing the steps relevant to at the HA and PV in CPM, IPM, CHAFO and IHAFO groups, the liver perfusion was restored and the abdomen was closed.
Control strategy for intraspinal microstimulation based on central pattern generator
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Xiongjie Lou, Yan Wu, Song Lu, Xiaoyan Shen
The purpose of this experiment was to obtain the angle sequence of the right hindlimb knee joint of SCI rats under the stimulation of positive and negative PA sequences. Five Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes, weighing approximately 250 g, were used as experimental subjects and numbered 1–5. Chloral hydrate (10%) was intraperitoneally injected into the rats. After anaesthesia administration and preoperative skin preparation, the skin surface of the rats was disinfected with 75% alcohol, and the epidermis was cut off. The segment lamina of the T12 − T13 vertebrae was removed to expose the spinal cord, and the T9 segment of the spinal cord was hammered at a height of 6.25 mm using a 10 g hammer with a diameter of 2.5 mm. The ankle, knee, and hip joints of the rats' right hindlimbs were marked.
Methane attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulating PI3K-AKT-NFκB signaling pathway
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2020
Fang Wang, Feidi Wang, Fengtao Li, Dong Wang, Haopeng Li, Xijing He, Jingyao Zhang
After successful modeling, the rats were sacrificed with overdose chloral hydrate. After perfusion with 0.01 M PBS for 10 min, the rats were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 20 min. After protein denaturation, the left middle lobe was harvested. The tissue was fixed in 4% PFA for 4 h, alcohol dehydrated, paraffin-embedded, cut into 4 μm sections and finally, HE stained. We used the light microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) to observe the pathological changes of lung tissue and pathological scores were performed. The 4 aspects of lung IR pathology (hemorrhage, alveolar hyperemia, infiltration or aggregation of neutrophils in the alveolar cavity or in the walls of blood vessels, alveolar wall thickening and/or hyaline membrane formation) were scored respectively according to the lesions (0: no lesion or very mild, 1: mild, 2: moderate, 3: severe, 4: very severe). The scores were added to the total score of lung IR pathology.