China
Africa
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Community health in the global and Asia-Pacific context
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Hilary Hiu Lam Yee, Mark S.H. Chan
In Australia, the primary and community health sector is the fastest growing in the health care system and it has good quality primary care by international standards (Swerissen & Duckett, 2018). The Australian Government, State and territory governments and local governments share the responsibilities of running and funding health care services (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016). The Australian government set national health policies and operate the public health insurance such as the Medicare, Medicare Benefit Schedule (MBS) and The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) which all act as a safety net of cheaper or free health care services. State and territory governments are responsible for most of the community-based and primary health services, including mental health, alcohol and drug treatment and preventive care. Some community and home-based health and support services to local community organisations are delivered by local governments. In addition, local governments have a significant role in health promotion activities such as smoking cessation, nutrition awareness and physical activity.
Drug evaluation in children
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
The Australian study highlights the lack of availability of licenced products in one country which are available in other countries [26], e.g. trimethoprim suspension and oxybutynin solution. Differences in the licence from country to country are also highlighted, even for drugs produced by the same pharmaceutical company, e.g. clobazam which is not licenced for children in Australia but is approved in the UK in those over 3 years of age. In Australia, patients and families are financially disadvantaged by the use of UL or OL products since these are not eligible for subsidies under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme which operates there [31].
Funding and the NHS
Published in Tony White, John Black, The Doctor's Handbook, Part 2, 2018
Medicare was instituted in 1984. It coexists with a private health system. Medicare is funded partly by an income tax but mostly out of general revenue. An additional levy is imposed on high earners without private health insurance. As well as Medicare, there is a separate Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme that subsidises prescription medications.
Telerehabilitation versus face-to-face rehabilitation in the management of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2023
Natalia Krzyzaniak, Magnolia Cardona, Ruwani Peiris, Zoe A. Michaleff, Hannah Greenwood, Justin Clark, Anna Mae Scott, Paul Glasziou
Musculoskeletal conditions such as spinal pain and osteoarthritis are among the leading causes of years lived with disability worldwide [1]. These often chronic conditions are associated with significant impact on the individual, due to pain and reduced function, and society due to work absenteeism and reduced work productivity. Musculoskeletal conditions are also associated with substantial financial costs [1]. According to 2008/2009 data, in Australia, musculoskeletal conditions accounted for 9% of health care expenditure, making them the fourth most costly health condition, behind cardiovascular, oral health and mental disorders [1]. Treatment is the dominant component of this expenditure which includes hospital admitted patient services (e.g. joint replacements), out of hospital expenses (e.g. outpatient clinics) and pharmaceuticals (e.g. pharmaceutical benefits scheme) [2]. Guideline management for most musculoskeletal conditions begins with advice, condition-specific education and exercise [2, 3]. Surgical treatment options such as joint replacement surgery for knee or hip osteoarthritis should only be considered following conservative management and when symptoms are no longer responsive to noninvasive approaches [3]. With the prevalence and treatment costs of musculoskeletal conditions increasing, there is growing recognition for the need to identify effective treatment options that enable timely and equitable access to services irrespective of location, accessibility or public health policies, such as lockdowns or quarantine, in response to COVID-19 [4].
Implementing a behavior management approach in the hospital setting for individuals with challenging behaviors during acute traumatic brain injury
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Heather Block, Sarah C. Hunter, Michelle Bellon, Stacey George
Behavioral interventions in community and residential settings for individuals with TBI can include applied behavior analysis (ABA) approaches including positive behavior support (PBS) (10). ABA approaches are based on learning theory and emphasize the management of challenging behaviors by manipulating antecedents or consequences to the behavior (11–13). PBS involves context-sensitive ABA, management of antecedents or triggers, and collaborative, personalized approaches to the management of the behavior (10,14,15). These behavior therapies have a strong evidence base, especially when carried out in the context of neurobehavioral rehabilitation, residential, and community settings (14). There is a lack of evidence of the application ABA approaches to the hospital setting following the acute stage of TBI. The extent to which ABA and PBS can be effectively generalized to acute hospital settings is not known. For patients with acute TBI, particularly those in PTA, neurocognitive involvement and active engagement in positive behavior principles may be a limiting factor. Training in PBS principles leads to a positive impact on knowledge, emotional responding, and attributions of clinical staff and reductions in patient’s levels of challenging behavior (16). Further research is needed to investigate the benefits of training clinicians in principles of PBS involving individualized behavior management to further improve management of challenging behaviors after acute TBI.
Management of open‐angle glaucoma by primary eye‐care practitioners: toward a personalised medicine approach
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Jack Phu, Ashish Agar, Henrietta Wang, Katherine Masselos, Michael Kalloniatis
The reason for this is differences in subsidy schemes at the government and private insurer levels in various health‐care settings. For example, patients eligible for purchasing medications covered by the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme could potentially improve accessibility to medications that may otherwise be cost‐prohibitive. However, the implication for the Australian government and taxpayer is still not yet known, due to the relative recency of preservative‐free formulation availability, and this needs to be explored further. There currently exists a debate regarding whether preservative‐free should be utilised in a targeted manner, that is, in those who have or are at high risk of developing concurrent ocular surface disease, and this is primarily fuelled by the aforementioned issues of cost – not only to the individual and health‐care authorities, but environmental from the perspective of package wastage.156,157