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Medicinal Plants for Eczema
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
This causes a large number of mast cells to be present within the skin. These mast cells express NF-κB–related genes and Th-2 cytokines when exposed to an allergen (Jensen, Falkencrone, and Skov, 2014). However, these allergens release histamine into the extracellular space during a process known as degranulation (Abe et al., 1993; Hogan and Schwartz, 1997). Some of the histamines are metabolized via two alternative pathways (Abe et al., 1993). One of the pathways involves a catalyze known as histamine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.8), while the other involves a catalyze known as diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6) (Castells, 2006; Abe et al., 1993).
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Ischemic Acute Renal Failure and Repair
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Joseph V. Bonventre, Ralph Witzgall
When ATP is degraded, ADP and AMP are formed. AMP is then acted upon by 5′-nucleotidase, or is first converted to IMP by adenylate deaminase followed by 5′-nucleotidase to form adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine. Although the nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP) have low permeability to the cell membrane, the nucleosides, adenosine and inosine, and the base, hypoxanthine, are permeable and can readily diffuse out of cells. Furthermore, the hypoxanthine can be converted by xanthine oxidase to uric acid. Thus, as a result of either diffusion out of the cells or metabolism there is a decrease in the purine substrate pool.
Relation Between Contraction and Metabolic Efficiency
Published in Samuel Sideman, Rafael Beyar, Analysis and Simulation of the Cardiac System — Ischemia, 2020
Joseph Kedem, M. Scheinowitz, E. Furman, J. Sonn, H. R. Weiss
Glucose concentrations were determined (in duplicate) with the aid of a kit from Sigma® using Technical Bulletin No. 510. Glucose oxidase reacting with glucose forms gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Peroxidase catalyzes the oxidation of colorless Q-dianisidine by hydrogen peroxide. Oxidized O-dianisidine absorbs light at 425 to 475 nm. The intensity of the absorption is proportional to the glucose concentration. Lactic and pyruvic acids were also measured (in duplicate) using a Sigma® kit employing the enzyme lactic dehydrogenase and NADH/NAD oxidation-reduction, according to Technical Bulletins No. 726-UV and No. 826-UV. NADH absorbance is measured at 340 nm and 10 ml of blood sufficed for all the above-mentioned substrate analyses.
Privileged multi-target directed propargyl-tacrines combining cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibition activities
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Zofia Chrienova, Eugenie Nepovimova, Rudolf Andrys, Rafael Dolezal, Jana Janockova, Lubica Muckova, Lenka Fabova, Ondrej Soukup, Patrik Oleksak, Martin Valis, Jan Korabecny, José Marco-Contelles, Kamil Kuca
Monoamine oxidases (EC 1.4.3.4) catalyse the oxidation of monoamines. These flavoproteins are bound to the outer mitochondrial membrane. In humans, there are two types of MAO: MAO-A and MAO-B. Both isoforms are abundantly present in neurons and glial cells. MAO-A is omnipresent in liver, gastrointestinal tract, or placenta, whereas MAO-B, apart from the central nervous system (CNS), is also produced by blood platelets9. The main biological role of MAO-A is the catabolism of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The activity of this enzyme increases only slightly with age10. On the other hand, MAO-B is responsible for the decomposition of phenylethylamine, benzylamine, and dopamine11. The most significant increase in MAO-B concentration is caused by the proliferation of glial cells10. Such phenomenon may thus contribute to an excessive reduction of MAO levels in the brain in the elderly. Moreover, it has been confirmed that the activity of MAO increases with the progression of AD. Within the process of amines oxidation, MAO produces aldehydes, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. It is particularly hydrogen peroxide that evokes the development of neuronal oxidative stress by disrupting mitochondria. Excessive MAO activation is also responsible for an increase in β- and γ-secretase expression10. Thus, not surprisingly, MAO inhibitors have been considered promising and attractive targets for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases12,13.
Supportive care in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia:Expert-based recommendations of the NOPHO-DB-SHIP consortium
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2022
Nira Arad-Cohen, Bernward Zeller, Jonas Abrahamsson, Jose Maria Fernandez Navarro, Daniel Cheuk, Sauli Palmu, Vitor Costa, Barbara De Moerloose, Henrik Hasle, Kirsi Jahnukainen, Cornelis Jan Pronk, Ólafur Gísli Jónsson, Zhanna Kovalova, Birgitte Lausen, Monica Munthe-Kaas, Ulrika Noren-Nyström, Josefine Palle, Ramune Pasauliene, Kadri Saks, Gertjan JL Kaspers
Increased risk of TLS in AML occurs in patients with WBC > 50–100 x 109/L, organomegaly, preexisting hyperuricemia, LDH ≥ 2xUNL (upper normal limit), increased creatinine, renal and/or urinary tract disorders, severe dehydration and FAB-M5. The mainstay of treatment is the recognition and prophylactic measures to prevent its occurrence. Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that blocks the metabolism of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid, thus decreasing the formation of new uric acid and reducing the incidence of obstructive uropathy. The drug is inexpensive and can be given orally and is therefore preferred in most patients. Rasburicase, a recombinant urate oxidase, metabolizes urate rapidly to allantoin, which is approximately five to ten times more soluble than uric acid. It is given intravenously, is highly effective, and allows starting chemotherapy earlier than
Epithelial integrity, junctional complexes, and biomarkers associated with intestinal functions
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2022
Arash Alizadeh, Peyman Akbari, Johan Garssen, Johanna Fink-Gremmels, Saskia Braber
The diamine oxidase enzyme could be detected in the apical part of villus cells and is continuously released from the intestinal mucosa, and has the ability to catalyze the deamination of histamines. Diamine oxidase enzyme levels in the blood can be used as a biomarker of intestinal permeability. Small intestinal mucosal damage may decrease the diamine oxidase activity. In addition, D-lactate, produced by many of the bacteria found in the GIT, showed enhanced levels in the circulation following intestinal damage.152–155 Recently, it has been demonstrated that D-lactate and diamine oxidase serum levels appear to be biomarkers in patients with Crohn’s disease.156 Więcek et al reported that D-lactate serum levels in patients who suffering from cystic fibrosis might be a good indicator for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in relation to dysbiosis or overgrowth in the intestines.157