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The Integrative Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Prevention Program
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
CoQ10 is involved in numerous body functions. It is an antioxidant and is involved in DNA synthesis, lysosomal function, gene expression, mitochondrial protein uncoupling, mitochondrial permeability, mitochondrial ETC (electron transport chain) and ATP production, membrane function, reduction of lipid peroxidation and reduction of oxLDL, apoptosis, and recycling of other micronutrients especially tocopherols and vitamin C. The ETC complex 1–4 on the inner mitochondrial membrane produces ATP via electron transport with CoQ10 involvement particularly at Complex 1 and 2 (Figure 21.4). The electron transport chain of the mitochondria and the production of ATP.
Targeted Therapy for Cancer Stem Cells
Published in Surinder K. Batra, Moorthy P. Ponnusamy, Gene Regulation and Therapeutics for Cancer, 2021
Rama Krishna Nimmakayala, Saswati Karmakar, Garima Kaushik, Sanchita Rauth, Srikanth Barkeer, Saravanakumar Marimuthu, Moorthy P. Ponnusamy
In normal or non-transformed cells, the main store of energy production is the mitochondria, where ATP is produced through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle coupled to oxidative phosphorylation. As carbon fuels such as pyruvate, glutamine, and fatty acids pass through the TCA cycle, reducing equivalents including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) are generated that are subsequently used as electron donors for the electron transport chain (ETC). Proton motive force is generated via coupling of movement of electrons across the different complexes of the electron transport chain and is used by ATP synthase to generate ATPs.
Free radicals in biology
Published in Roger L. McMullen, Antioxidants and the Skin, 2018
The electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and consists of a series of proteolipid complexes. It is likely one of the most important energy harnessing processes in biochemistry. In general, electrons are passed along the electron transport chain within the membrane, resulting in proton pumps at several of the complexes in which protons are shuttled from within the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space. As a result, the [H+] is greater in the intermembrane space than in the matrix of the mitochondrion. Consequently, proton motive force is garnered from this series of events and is utilized to synthesize ATP, the basic source of energy for the cell.
Assessment of single-nucleotide variant discovery protocols in RNA-seq data from human cells exposed to mycotoxins
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
M. Alonso-Garrido, M. Lozano, A. L. Riffo-Campos, G. Font, P. Vila-Donat, L. Manyes
In order to study BEA and ENB toxicological mechanisms, transcriptomics RNA-seq technique was previously applied using Jurkat cells. Those results showed how BEA and ENB individual exposures in vitro were responsible of mitochondrial damage and confirmed Tonshin et al. (2010) previous results (Escrivá et al 2018; Alonso-Garrido et al. 2018). When exposing cells to BEA, results showed 43 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) overlapped in the three studied concentrations. Several biological processes related to electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, and cellular respiration were significantly altered (Escrivá et al. 2018). In the three ENB concentrations studied, same than for BEA, 245 differentially expressed genes were found overlapped and the biological processes related to nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process, respiratory chain complex, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation and cellular respiration were the most perturbed (Alonso-Garrido et al. 2018). Moreover, after BEA and ENB mixture exposure at low levels, transcriptional changes in the respiratory chain were revealed too by qPCR. The expression profile found was slightly upregulated, the opposite effect than after individual and higher concentration exposures (Escrivá et al. 2018).
Omentin-1 promotes mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC1α-AMPK pathway in chondrocytes
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Zhigang Li, Yao Zhang, Fengde Tian, Zihua Wang, Haiyang Song, Haojie Chen, Baolin Wu
The mitochondrion is the "powerhouse" in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process of increasing cellular metabolic capacity, featured with the synthesis of enzymes for both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (Jornayvaz and Shulman 2010). An efficient mitochondrial biogenesis needs the import of nuclear protein as well as mitochondrial replication, mitochondrial fusion and fission (Nunnari and Suomalainen 2012). Mitochondria in mammalian cells contain more than 1500 proteins, but only 13 proteins are coded in mitochondrial DNA, a majority of them are synthesised from nuclear DNA coding genes. Various mitochondrial molecular markers are used to study the mitochondrial regulation in eukaryotes. Translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex is a membrane-bound translocator vital to import mitochondrial precursors, and TOM complex includes several subunits including TOM20, TOM40 and TOM70 and is secured by TOM5, TOM6, TOM7, etc. (Ahting et al.1999). Several subunits of mitochondrial ATP synthases are also used as the markers of functional mitochondria, including ATPA, ATP5C1, ATPD and other subunits. The electron transport chain (ETC) located within the mitochondrial inner membrane composes of four protein complexes. Succinate dehydrogenase complex iron-sulfur subunit B (SDHB) links the pathways of Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial DNA encoded subunits (MTCO1, MTCO2, MTCO3) are important subunits of complex IV (Zhao et al.2019).
A comprehensive proteomics analysis of the response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to nanoceria cytotoxicity
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2023
Lidija Izrael Živković, Nico Hüttmann, Vanessa Susevski, Ana Medić, Vladimir Beškoski, Maxim V. Berezovski, Zoran Minić, Ljiljana Živković, Ivanka Karadžić
Emphasized TCA and β-oxidation are sources of increased amounts of NADH that needs to be oxidized by the electron transport chain. However, upregulation of proteins in the electron transport chain was not found. The electron transport chain proteins are located in the outer cellular membrane, where they pump protons across the membrane and generate ATP using ATP synthase (White 2000). The major driving force that moves protons out of the cell are exergonic redox reactions in the cell membrane in respiring microorganisms. Lower oxygen consumption in NC-amended culture than in the control was observed, but at the same time, the upregulated enzymes of TCA cycle, β-oxidation, and ATP synthase could also be attributed to the alkaliphilic nature of P. aeruginosa san ai (White 2000) and the need for an increased ATP supply. Particularly, enhanced ATP demand in NC-exposed cells could be related to upregulated proteins that need an increased amount of ATP, such as cell shape-determining protein MreB, uniquely found in cells treated with nanomaterial and required to preserve cellular morphology, and overexpressed chaperonin GroEL essential for protein folding. Interestingly, in spite of substantial changes to the cell envelope, ATP synthase was preserved as being of vital importance.