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Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
Treatment – Supportive care. Live-attenuated mumps vaccine (as a component of mumps, measles, rubella [MMR]) is given routinely in childhood, and it has been very effective in prevention, although large US outbreaks involving several thousand cases have occurred in vaccinated individuals in multiple times over the last decade.
The gastrointestinal system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Sharon J. White, Francis A. Carey
Mumps, an acute inflammatory lesion of the salivary glands caused by paramyxovirus infection, has an incubation period of 3 weeks. Infected individuals secrete the virus in their saliva for about a week before the main symptom of painful salivary gland swelling is evident, and for just over a week thereafter. Both parotid glands are usually involved and sometimes also the submandibular glands. The salivary enlargement usually subsides without permanent damage to the glands. Rare complications of mumps infection include orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, and viral meningitis. The incidence of mumps varies worldwide and has been altered by the use of the mumps vaccine (largely as part of the MMR vaccine).
Immunizations
Published in Micha de Winter, Mariëlle Balledux, José de Mare, Ruud Burgmeijer, Screening in Child Health Care, 2018
Micha de Winter, Mariëlle Balledux, José de Mare, Ruud Burgmeijer
Mumps is probably a generalized virus infection that, in the classical case, presents in the form of parotitis, but 20–40% of cases develop subclinically (Van der Veen 1979). Therefore, the notified cases of the disease are only a poor reflection of the real incidence of mumps. Most infections occur between the ages of 1 and 9 years. By the age of 15,85% of children appear to have built up natural immunity. In 0.4% to 1.0% of cases, neurological complications develop (meningitis and encephalitis), more often in boys than in girls (2.5:1). Meningitis has a favourable prognosis, encephalitis may become more serious, but is seldom fatal. Before the introduction of the MMR immunization, two deaths per year were reported with mumps as the primary cause. Death from mumps is not a reason for universal immunization (De Jonge 1979). Orchitis occurs mainly after puberty, is usually unilateral, and consequently only very rarely results in sterility. In the Netherlands, an average of 400 patients per year are hospitalized with mumps. The average stay in hospital is 15 days. Absences from school due to mumps, per school day, is estimated at 1000. There are indications that the incidence of mumps has decreased since the introduction of the MMR immunization in 1987, but in connection with the irregular development of the incidence of mumps, and the negative effects of introducing mumps vaccine at a mature age, it has been recommended that the epidemiology of mumps be charted thoroughly after 1992 (end of the special MMR schedule for non-immunized children) (Bergink & Burger 1990). Its negative effects have been described, specifically in America, where mumps epidemics among adolescents and adults have been reported (Cochi et al. 1988a, bKaplan et al. 1988).
Bell’s palsy with abnormal findings in the ipsilateral parotid gland
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2023
Takaaki Hijioka, Yoshihiro Aoki, Hideaki Moteki, Naoto Mizushiro
A 7-year-old boy without a significant medical history presented to the emergency department with a left facial paralysis and swelling of the ipsilateral parotid gland that had progressed for 5 days. He had no history of parotid gland swelling and had received one dose of the mumps vaccine at 2 years of age. On admission, a physical examination revealed facial asymmetry at rest without forehead movement on the left side. He was unable to close his left eye completely and had an obvious drooping of the left corner of his mouth. The left tympanic membrane was intact with no periauricular rash. Mild, non-tender swelling was noted in the left parotid gland (Figure 1(a)). Blood examination revealed a white blood cell count of 7.88 × 109/L (normal range: 3.30–8.60 × 109/L), a C-reactive protein level of 0.1 mg/L (normal range: 0–1.4 mg/L), and an amylase level of 104 U/L (normal range: 44–132 U/L). The hearing test demonstrated no laterality; however, the stapedial reflex was absent on the left side. Ultrasonography revealed hypoechoic masses in the left parotid gland (Figure 1(b)). T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed heterogeneous hyperintensity in the posterior part of the left parotid gland (Figure 1(c)). Serological test results for mumps, herpes simplex virus type 1, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus were negative.
Universities’ experience with mumps outbreak response and use of a third dose of MMR vaccine
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Mariel Marlow, Susan Even, Mary Theresa Hoban, Kelly Moore, Manisha Patel, Mona Marin
Mumps is an acute illness caused by a paramyxovirus that is transmitted through direct contact with respiratory droplets or saliva from an infected person. Transmission usually occurs as a result of close contact with a mumps patient, such as sharing saliva-contaminated objects, like cups or water bottles, or prolonged contact, like sports practices or frequent socializing. The disease typically presents as parotitis or other salivary gland swelling, but might also cause more severe complications, including orchitis or oophoritis, pancreatitis, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and hearing loss.1 In the United States, the implementation of a 1-dose mumps vaccine policy in 1977 and a 2-dose measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine policy in 1989 led to approximately a 99% decrease in the number of mumps cases.2
Pox Parties for Grannies? Chickenpox, Exogenous Boosting, and Harmful Injustices
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2020
Heidi Malm, Mark Christopher Navin
We have four responses to this second objection. First, even when the primary motivation for a childhood vaccination policy is to protect others from harm, the children receiving the vaccine still benefit from being vaccinated. For example, a primary motivation for vaccinating boys against human papillomavirus (HPV) is to protect girls from HPV cancers, a primary motivation for vaccinating girls against mumps is to protect boys from orchitis, and a primary motivation for vaccinating children against rubella is to protect fetuses from congenital rubella syndrome. However, HPV vaccine also protects boys against penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers (Stanley 2014); mumps vaccine protects girls against meningitis, miscarriage, and hearing loss (CDC 2019c); and rubella vaccine protects children against arthritis, thrombocytopenic purpura, and encephalitis (CDC 2019e). Even though these latter disease complications are rare, injury from vaccines is rarer still. In short, vaccination against contagious disease always has expected net benefits for the children for whom it is recommended.6 In contrast, foregoing vaccination against varicella provides no net benefit for the child: She is made worse off solely to benefit others and is thus used as a mere means.