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Psychological Effects of COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Binish Khaliq, Mehvish Azam, Ahmed Akrem, M. Yasin Ashraf, Sumera Anwar, Arif Malik, Samina Yaqoob, Hawa Ze Jaafar
While one third of our people continued to go prayer places (36.5%), it is request for consideration of spiritual leaders to clear the mistaken believes of people to clarify them that visiting in these places would be one of the main factors for spreading of disease during an outbreak. Meanwhile they are providing by alternate means to continue their religious events. In order to elude the vast business loss, participants should train to work from their homes in every field where possible and as young participants are more interested in smartphone uses, they should be engaged with online classes that may help the country to save from long-lasting losses [37]. In the last, it has been found that increasing level of anxiety may lead to additional diseases, so few preventive measures should be adapted by individuals to decrease their anxiety and fear. Avoiding too much coverage of news could be helpful to decrease the stress. Similarly, sustaining a healthy routine not only boost the immunity but also help to refresh the mood. However, conversation with friends and family members is another method to improve emotional support and retain person to feel more comfortable and relax [38].
The COVID-19 pandemic and development of drugs and vaccinations
Published in Edward M. Rafalski, Ross M. Mullner, Healthcare Analytics, 2022
As mentioned in the earlier section, vaccines are usually administered to the whole population and/or targeted groups before they are exposed to the virus or the disease to reduce the spread of the virus or disease. Vaccines train the immune system to recognize and attack a virus, even one it hasn’t seen before. The vaccinations which fall into the prevention category help reduce the number of susceptible individuals in the population. This protection is known as herd or community immunity9. In other words, herd immunity occurs when a large portion of a community (or herd) becomes immune to a virus or disease, making the spread of the virus or disease from person to person highly unlikely. As a result, the whole community (or herd) becomes protected – not just those who are immune. Figure 16.1 highlights the concept of herd immunity.
Introduction to Vaccination
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Nezih Pişkinpaşa, Ömer Faruk Karasakal
Immunity is the entire system consisting of specialized cells and tissues that protect the organism from all foreign matter and biological factors that it is exposed to from outside. The distinction between healthy and foreign substances is based on a complex system. There are basically two types of immunity in humans. They are innate immunity and acquired immunity. Natural immunity depends on inheritance, the active immunity that occurs after exposure to the antigens. Passive immunity is the transfer of protective antibodies formed by another human or animal to another human by injection. The immune system creates both passive and active immunity against antigens (Delany, Rappuoli, and De Gregorio 2013).
Immunoenhancement activity of Bletilla striata polysaccharide through MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways in vivo and in vitro
Published in Autoimmunity, 2022
Xiaofeng Niu, Jiabao Yu, Qiuxia Huang, Jinjin Yu, Yajie Yang, Huixin Song, Yang Liu, Xin Xiao, Langjun Cui, Weifeng Li
The immunity, an effective weapon to resist foreign viruses and microorganisms, is composed of immune organs, immune cell and immune active substances. Immune organs contain bone marrow, thymus and spleen, where immune cells can differentiate and mature; immune cells include macrophages and lymphocytes, which are the most basic part of the immune response; immune active substances invove antibodies, interleukins and lysozyme, which are the product of the immunity against antigens [1]. Among the immune cells, macrophages which is one of primary cells with defense and regulation functions in the immune system, can affect innate and adaptive immune responses according to previous studies [2]. Moreover, macrophages can secrete a variety of biologically active substances which can stimulate lymphocyte cell proliferation and differentiation such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 [3].
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 management: an update
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Vivek P Chavda, Riddhi Prajapati, Disha Lathigara, Bhumi Nagar, Jay Kukadiya, Elrashdy M Redwan, Vladimir N Uversky, Mukesh N Kher, Rajvi Patel
According to Patrizia Cavazzoni from US FDA, ‘Vaccines have proven to be the best defense available against COVID-19. However, certain immunocompromised individuals may not mount an adequate immune response to COVID-19 vaccination, or those who have a history of severe adverse reactions to a COVID-19 vaccine and therefore cannot receive one and need an alternative prevention option.’ The dangerous coronavirus disease outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 forced scientists to establish the usefulness of the traditional therapeutic drugs, or discover new defensive vaccines, or passive immunological techniques quickly and efficiently. Passive immunity is centered on recapturing hyper-immune serum from convalescent patients or monoclonal antibodies with increased titers of neutralizing antibodies with elevated therapeutic potential, both of which have preventive and therapeutic potential.
Bioactive Peptides as Therapeutic Adjuvants for Cancer
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Nidia Quintal-Bojórquez, Maira Rubí Segura-Campos
Adaptive immunity is highly specific against potentially harmful antigens. This type of immunity is classified into two categories: cell-mediated and antibody-mediated (also called humoral) immunity. In cell-mediated immunity, T lymphocytes are effector cells that mediate the cellular immune response by secreting cytokines and interacting with antigen presenting cells (APCs). T lymphocytes are divided in helper T (Th) cells, cytotoxic (Tc) cells and regulatory (Treg) cells. Tc cells, also called CD8+, recognize endogenous antigens associated to the mayor histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I in order to kill cancer cells and cells infected with viruses. Th cells, also called CD4+, recognize exogenous antigens associated to the MHC class II. CD4+ cells secrete cytokines (IFN-y), interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-25) and participate in the activation of B cells, T cells and other immune cells such as macrophages. Treg cells are responsible for the suppression of the immune response and the prevention of autoimmune disorders (32).