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Other viral infections
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The diagnosis of mumps may be made on clinical symptoms if present. The diagnosis can be confirmed by serologic studies demonstrating virus-specific IgM or using titer of virus-specific IgG. The virus can be easily cultured in African green monkey kidney cells, embryonated hen’s eggs, and human cells (47).
Answers
Published in Samar Razaq, Difficult Cases in Primary Care, 2021
Mumps is a notifiable disease and may present in a non-specific fashion, like other viral infections, with fever and malaise resulting in the correct diagnosis not being made. The incubation period for mumps is between 14 and 21 days. Involvement of the parotid glands is what makes it easily recognisable, particularly when the swelling is impressive resulting in the angle of the jaw becoming impalpable. The swelling may be unilateral to start with, progressing to become bilateral in the majority of cases. Mumps can affect any organ in the body and hence multiple symptoms may be seen. However, involvement of the central nervous system (aseptic meningitis), testicles (orchitis) and pancreas (pancreatitis) certainly raise the suspicion of mumps, particularly if there is unappreciable swelling of the parotid glands. Diagnosis may be confirmed by demonstration of rise in antibody titres or direct culturing of the virus. Treatment is usually supportive and includes rest, plenty of fluids to keep the mouth moist and clean (as it may become dry as a result of swelling of the salivary gland ducts), analgesia and support and ice bags for painful testis. Boys (and their parents) should be reassured that sterility is rare, even after severe orchitis.
Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
Symptomatic meningitis occurs in 10–30% of patients with mumps.16 The incidence of infection has decreased significantly since the institution of mumps vaccine as part of routine childhood immunizations. Mumps vaccine had reduced the number of cases in the United States from almost 200,000 to <500 annually until 2006 when an outbreak occurred resulting in 6584 cases. More recently, the number of cases reported in 2016 and 2017 (6369 and 5629, respectively) were the highest in the decade following the 2006 outbreak.17 The unimmunized are at high risk when exposed to mumps virus. The incidence is two to five times higher in males than in females, peaking between the ages of 5 and 9 years old. Mumps meningitis frequently follows parotitis, which is present in about 50% of patients. This virus can lead to severe encephalitis, but this is rare.
The effects and molecular mechanism of heat stress on spermatogenesis and the mitigation measures
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Yuanyuan Gao, Chen Wang, Kaixian Wang, Chaofan He, Ke Hu, Meng Liang
The mumps virus can cause a range of complications. These include orchitis, oophoritis, encephalitis, and meningitis. Studies have shown that the mumps virus is highly testicular tendentious, inducing a testicular cell immune response, and damaging testicular function. Mumps orchitis is a rare complication, and is mainly seen in post-pubertal males with mumps (Wu et al. 2021). It often occurs in young men and is characterized by headache and fever in the early stages and swelling and pain in the testicles in the later stages. The mumps virus damages testicular tissue and causes substantial edema in testicular tissue. Increased pressure on the seminiferous tubules due to parenchymal edema can lead to necrosis of the seminiferous tubules and atrophy of the spermatogenic epithelium, eventually resulting in testicular atrophy (Yang et al. 2020).
Measles, mumps, rubella prevention: how can we do better?
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Florence Kauffmann, Catherine Heffernan, François Meurice, Martin O. C. Ota, Volker Vetter, Giacomo Casabona
This review shows that many challenges remain in controlling M, M, and R infections despite the availability of effective vaccines. For measles, the remaining challenges in reaching the elimination goal are mainly related to the suboptimal vaccination coverage that creates pockets of unvaccinated or under-vaccinated individuals that fuel outbreaks. For mumps, outbreaks have been reported in highly vaccinated populations and major causes include waning of the immune response and emergence of genotypes not included in the vaccines. Governments and policy-makers should support the implementation of country-specific vaccination policies, raise awareness of disease severity and vaccination impact, improve the provision of vaccination services, health infrastructure, and vaccination access, and strengthen outbreak preparedness. Surveillance systems should be improved to avoid delayed detection of outbreaks and identify any potential escape variants. Additional benefits could come from the evolution of the current MMR vaccines and more tailored vaccination schedules.
Universities’ experience with mumps outbreak response and use of a third dose of MMR vaccine
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Mariel Marlow, Susan Even, Mary Theresa Hoban, Kelly Moore, Manisha Patel, Mona Marin
Mumps is an acute illness caused by a paramyxovirus that is transmitted through direct contact with respiratory droplets or saliva from an infected person. Transmission usually occurs as a result of close contact with a mumps patient, such as sharing saliva-contaminated objects, like cups or water bottles, or prolonged contact, like sports practices or frequent socializing. The disease typically presents as parotitis or other salivary gland swelling, but might also cause more severe complications, including orchitis or oophoritis, pancreatitis, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and hearing loss.1 In the United States, the implementation of a 1-dose mumps vaccine policy in 1977 and a 2-dose measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine policy in 1989 led to approximately a 99% decrease in the number of mumps cases.2