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Immunization
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Michael F. Para, Susan L. Koletar, Carter L. Diggs
Allergic responses to vaccine components, independent of any protective responses, may result in immunologic disease in the vaccine recipient. Hypersensitivity reactions occurred following immunization with the original rabies vaccine prepared by Pasteur. This vaccine was composed of rabbit nervous tissue infected with rabies virus. After treatment to inactivate the virus, the entire preparation of nervous tissue was inoculated. The neural tissue in the vaccine produced an immune response which cross-reacted with host neural tissue and damaged the recipient′s nervous system. Damage to vaccine recipients as a result of hypersensitivity to immunizing agents has also occurred following administration of killed measles vaccine. Occasionally this vaccine induced incomplete humoral immunity, and, following infection by the measles virus, a cell-mediated hypersensitivity sometimes developed which caused a severe atypical measles syndrome.
Bronchiolitis
Published in Samar Razaq, Difficult Cases in Primary Care, 2021
Which of the following statements regarding vaccinations are true? Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine may be associated with an increased mortality from infections other that diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis in high-mortality areas.The child’s response to vaccines may differ depending on the vaccinations and infections they may have had in the past.The measles vaccine has been associated with a reduced mortality from infections other than measles.Vaccination of pregnant mothers with the pertussis vaccine to prevent neonatal infections is not recommended, because of the risk of Arthus’s reactions.Vaccinating close household contacts of young infants against pertussis does not reduce the risk of pertussis acquisition by the infant.
Infection and immunology
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
Premature infants should be offered triple antigen at the chronological age of 2 months (i.e. the same as full-term infants). Recurrent and persistent Candida infection suggests disturbance of the T-cell function and is a contraindication for administration of live vaccine such as Sabin. Hepatitis Β surface antigen-positive mothers excrete the virus in all body secretions (milk, saliva) and are likely to infect their newborn infants, especially if e antigen positive. This can be prevented by administration of hyperimmune gammaglobulin. Measles vaccine will provide adequate protection if given soon after exposure to measles. Another tetanus toxoid injection is not required because immunity to tetanus following inoculation lasts 5-10 years.
‘From cover-up to catastrophe:’ how the anti-vaccine propaganda documentary ‘Vaxxed’ impacted student perceptions and intentions about MMR vaccination
Published in Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 2022
Amanda S. Bradshaw, Summer S. Shelton, Alexis Fitzsimmons, Debbie Treise
According to the CDC, measles is extremely contagious with 9 out of 10 unprotected people becoming infected after being exposed to the virus, but it is almost entirely preventable through vaccination [14]. The U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends infants receive their first dose of the measles vaccine, often given as a combination shot containing antigens against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) between 12–15 months of age. The choice to delay or decline the MMR vaccine, highlights a growing trend related to parental vaccine hesitancy. Therefore, it is essential to understand how individuals formulate their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about childhood vaccination — particularly the measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccine— and how media consumption may influence decision making.
The second fifty years: A history of the American College Health Association
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2020
Michael J. Huey, Connie Crihfield, Devin Jopp
HIV was not the only virus with a significant impact on college campuses in the 1980s. In 1983, ACHA adopted and published its first set of Prematriculation Immunization Requirements recommendations. This publication was largely fueled by outbreaks of measles on colleges campuses in the 1980s. In the 11-year period from 1980-1990, CDC received reports of nearly 4,000 college measles cases. The proportion of measles cases occurring on college campuses during this period ranged from approximately 2% to 20% of the total measles cases in the United States, with a peak (20%) in 1983. At the time, as many as one-half to two-thirds of college students could not document adequate vaccination against measles.11 In 1980, the CDC’s Advisory Council on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended that all college and university students complete a series of immunization requirements prior to matriculation and in 1983-84 ACHA “seconded” that recommendation. In 1988, ACHA became a partner in the new National Coalition for Adult Immunization. By 1989, both ACHA and CDC/ACIP recommended that all college students receive two doses of measles vaccine prior to matriculation. ACHA’s involvement with ACIP grew in subsequent decades.
The impact of vaccine procurement methods on public health in selected European countries
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Tim Wilsdon, Ryan Lawlor, Lilian Li, Alexandru Rafila, Amós García Rojas
For over 50 years, the measles vaccine has been in use in Europe and is recommended by the WHO and National Health Authorities for the immunization of all susceptible children and adults. Measles-containing vaccines include measles monovalent vaccines; measles and rubella vaccines; and measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccines. All countries in the EU have introduced MMR immunization in the second year of their child immunization schedules, which is in line with WHO recommendations [12,13]. At present in Europe there are three types of MMR vaccines available; Proquad® (with marketing authorization at 2006), MMR Vaxpro ® (2006) and Priorix ® (2012). Successful elimination of measles – as planned by the WHO for the end of 2020 – requires a stable vaccination rate of at least 95% [14]. While European coverage of measles-containing vaccine has been maintained above 90% for the last 15 years, a recent decrease in coverage rates has meant large numbers of cases and outbreaks continue to occur [15]. The latest WHO-UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage of measles-containing vaccine show that only four EU/EEA countries (Hungary, Portugal, Slovakia, and Sweden) reported at least 95% vaccination coverage for both doses in 2017 [16].