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Specific Infections in Children
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Neal Russell, Sarah May Johnson, Andrew Chapman, Christian Harkensee, Sylvia Garry, Bhanu Williams
Measles is usually a clinical diagnosis. Laboratory confirmation is used to confirm initial cases in an outbreak, followed by clinical case definitions. Diagnosis may be confirmed by serology, PCR, immunofluorescence or viral culture dried capillary blood or salivary samples may be more practical than venous blood in an outbreak setting.
Other viral infections
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Prior to vaccination, measles were very contagious with an attack rate of approximately 90% in the nonimmune patient. Transmission is by respiratory droplets with the mucosa of the nose, oropharynx, or conjunctivas as the portal of entry. The usual incubation period is 10 to 14 days but may be as short as 7 days. The patient is infectious for 2 to 3 days prior to symptoms and 3 to 4 days after the appearance of the rash.
Infection and immunology
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
Premature infants should be offered triple antigen at the chronological age of 2 months (i.e. the same as full-term infants). Recurrent and persistent Candida infection suggests disturbance of the T-cell function and is a contraindication for administration of live vaccine such as Sabin. Hepatitis Β surface antigen-positive mothers excrete the virus in all body secretions (milk, saliva) and are likely to infect their newborn infants, especially if e antigen positive. This can be prevented by administration of hyperimmune gammaglobulin. Measles vaccine will provide adequate protection if given soon after exposure to measles. Another tetanus toxoid injection is not required because immunity to tetanus following inoculation lasts 5-10 years.
‘From cover-up to catastrophe:’ how the anti-vaccine propaganda documentary ‘Vaxxed’ impacted student perceptions and intentions about MMR vaccination
Published in Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 2022
Amanda S. Bradshaw, Summer S. Shelton, Alexis Fitzsimmons, Debbie Treise
According to the CDC, measles is extremely contagious with 9 out of 10 unprotected people becoming infected after being exposed to the virus, but it is almost entirely preventable through vaccination [14]. The U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends infants receive their first dose of the measles vaccine, often given as a combination shot containing antigens against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) between 12–15 months of age. The choice to delay or decline the MMR vaccine, highlights a growing trend related to parental vaccine hesitancy. Therefore, it is essential to understand how individuals formulate their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about childhood vaccination — particularly the measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccine— and how media consumption may influence decision making.
Intralesional measles–mumps–rubella is associated with a higher complete response in cutaneous warts: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial including GRADE qualification
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Rachel Vania, Raymond Pranata, Sukmawati Tansil Tan
A Cochrane pooled review found for the efficacy of topical 5-fluorouracil, intralesional interferons and photodynamic therapy (5). However, they are potentially hazardous or toxic treatments and result in more pain than the lesion itself; therefore, careful consideration on the benefit-to-risk ratio is advised (1,3,6). The reported locally destructive treatment encompassing caustic agents (ablation, cryotherapy, salicylic acid) to antiproliferative agents have reported variable range of clearance rate, but ultimately results in scarring (7,8). Meanwhile, a systemic immunotherapeutic maneuvers such as intralesional antigens and vaccines have gained interest for a higher efficacy with tolerable side effects (8–13). Several trials have shown the successful application of mumps–measles–rubella (MMR) vaccine resulting in complete clearance of warts (14), defined as eradication of the treated area. It is hypothesized that the vaccine increases the ability of the immune system to recognize and destroy the antigen and infected cells, while establishing efficacy and safety (7,14). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to collect the latest evidence on the efficacy of MMR vaccine as immunotherapy for cutaneous warts.
Prevalence and management of measles susceptibility in healthcare workers in Italy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Francesco Paolo Bianchi, Simona Mascipinto, Pasquale Stefanizzi, Sara de Nitto, Cinzia Annatea Germinario, Pierluigi Lopalco, Silvio Tafuri
Bianchi et al. [18] also described a 2017 protocol developed by the Hygiene and Occupational Medicine departments of Bari University Hospital for the vaccination prophylaxis of HCWs. It includes a biological risk prevention program for employees at the time of their pre-recruitment medical examination and/or their scheduled routine occupational medical examination. During those examinations, a blood sample is obtained and then examined for the detection of measles IgG. HCWs determined to be susceptible are asked to discuss their vaccination status and appropriate vaccination prophylaxis with the Hygiene department. One or more doses of MMR vaccine are proposed but vaccination prophylaxis is not mandatory and can be refused by the HCWs. Finally, the Hygiene department sends the Occupational Medicine department a report on the immunological status of the HCWs and any prophylaxis measures that were implemented. Based on this information, the Occupational Health physician assembles a list of placement options for each enrolled HCWs according to his or her susceptibility/immunity status and the risk evaluation. For susceptible HCWs who refuse one or more vaccines, exclusion from occupational settings involving patients at high infectious risk (e.g. immunocompromised patients) is recommended.