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The Selection and Use of Gloves against Pesticides
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Neither of the glove materials performed very well against monocrotophos, with Neoprene and Silver Shield™ gloves demonstrating the lowest relative permeation (Table 25.1). Likewise, methyl parathion penetrated most glove materials with short breakthrough times and significant quantitative permeation (Table 25.1). For ethyl parathion, nitrile, PVC, butyl rubber, and Silver Shield™, all demonstrated reasonable breakthrough times with butyl rubber and nitrile as the best overall glove material when data on relative permeation is also considered (Table 25.1). Nitrile and PVC were the only glove materials tested with acceptable penetration characteristics against tricresyl phosphate (Table 25.1).
Organophosphorus Compound-Induced Mitochondrial Disruption
Published in Shamim I. Ahmad, Handbook of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, 2019
In this respect, in a study of developmental exposure of rats to chlorpyrifos and diazinon administered at post-natal days 1–4, found that such toxicity was associated with the upregulation of various groups of genes including those encoding proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis. This was observed both in animals and in cultured PC12 cells, irrespective of the degree of AChE inhibition (Slotkin and Seidler, 2012). This suggests that these OPs may exert developmental effects on these gene families by acting directly on neuronal cells in vivo and that neuronotypic cells in culture are valid models for molecular studies of developmental neurotoxicity. Differences were observed between mitotic (undifferentiated) and differentiating PC12 cultures in the profile of gene changes on exposure to chlorpyrifos (30 µM) and were proposed to reflect variations in vulnerability to OP exposure at different developmental stage effects (Slotkin and Seidler, 2012). The OP pesticide monocrotophos (1–10 µM) was also found to induce mitochondria mediated apoptosis in mitotic PC12 cells within 6 hours of exposure (Kashyap et al., 2010, 2011).
Acute Toxicity Testing by the Dermal Route
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Roy C. Myers, Lin val R. DePass
A dramatic example of the effect of vehicle on dermal toxicity was reported by Brown and Muir.24 They found that rat dermal LD50s for the pesticide dicrotophos were approximately 20, 100, and 130 mg/kg when the respective vehicles were η-octanol, acetone, and isopropanol. These authors also demonstrated the effect of concentration on the toxicity of another pesticide (monocrotophos). The LD50s (based on active ingredient) were roughly 55 mg/kg with a 5% solution (in hexylene glycol), 95 mg/kg with a 10% solution, and 145 mg/kg with a 58% solution.
N-acetylcysteine ameliorates monocrotophos exposure-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in rat liver
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Jagjeet Singh, Annu Phogat, Vijay Kumar, Vinay Malik
Pesticides are intentionally used to eradicate harmful insect species. Perhaps, the indiscriminate use of pesticides is the reason for their environmental persistence and has resulted in serious contamination problems that may risk human health. Monocrotophos (MCP) is one such broad-spectrum systemic organophosphate pesticide. Being water-soluble and a systemic pesticide, residues of MCP have been reported in crops, vegetables, soil, and water sources in different parts of the world (Waite et al. 1992; Imran et al. 2016). Experimental investigations have shown that MCP exposure alters the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular antioxidants, damages membranes by lipid peroxidation and causes organ dysfunctioning by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity (Yaduvanshi et al. 2010; Karumuri et al. 2019). Poisoning of MCP is associated with metabolic dysregulation (Nagaraju et al. 2020), neurobehavioral toxicity (Masoud et al. 2011), nephrotoxicity (Malik et al. 2021), and hepatotoxicity (Begum and Rajini 2011a).
Regulation of brain drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters by nuclear receptors
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2018
Dan Xu, Songqiang Huang, Hui Wang, Wen Xie
It is understandable that cumulative toxicity may occur when the volume of incoming exogenous harmful substances exceeds the metabolic capacity of the brain. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) can cause serious health hazards to human and wildlife through the environment and food chain. It has been reported that DEHP-induced toxicity of quail cerebellum is closely linked to the imbalance of P450 homeostasis mediated by the activation of NRs such as PXR and CAR (Du et al. 2017). Monocrotophos (MCP) induces the expression of CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 through its activation of CAR and PXR, leading to neurotoxicity (Tripathi et al. 2017). Prenatal exposure to low doses of cypermethrin have an isoform specific effect on the expression of P450s including CYP1A, CYP2B, and CYP2E1 in different regions of the brain in a PXR dependent manner, affecting the expression of rate-limiting enzymes in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT). Moreover, these alterations continue to adulthood, causing changes of learning and memory in offspring (Singh et al. 2016).
Adrenaline is effective in reversing the inadequate heart rate response in atropine treated organophosphorus and carbamate poisoning
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Abhishek Samprathi, Binila Chacko, Shilpa Reynal D’sa, Grace Rebekah, C. Vignesh Kumar, Mohammad Sadiq, Punitha Victor, John Prasad, Jonathan Arul Jeevan Jayakaran, John Victor Peter
High dose atropine was required in 21 patients (13.6%). These 21 patients manifested an inadequate HR response prior to initiation of adrenaline; two patients in addition had a systolic BP of <80 mm Hg. There was no difference in the baseline characteristics of patients who required high dose atropine and those who did not, except that the time to presentation was significantly shorter (4.1 ± 2.7 vs. 6.1 ± 3.9 h; p = 0.03) in those who required high dose therapy (Table 1). The main compounds that were implicated were monocrotophos (six patients), chlorpyrifos (three patients) and triazophos (three patients). No arrhythmias were noted in any patient during the study period.