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Dilution increases potency
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
Second important principle of homeopathy is, “Dilution potentiates the potency”. Hahnemann derived this principle by the following observation and experiment. Hahnemann found that “Trituration of mercury increased its pharmacological effect” (Modell et al., 1976, p. 9). He observed that potency of mercury increased after dilution and trituration. Later on this conclusion was analyzed and it was found that increased potency of mercury was not due to dilute and triturated mercury. “This increased effect was due to oxidation of mercury, first to mercurous and later to mercuric oxide” (Modell et al., 1976, p. 9). The potentiated effect that Hahnemann observed was due to mercuric oxide. This second important principle of homeopathy again was due to wrong generalization of wrong observation.
Short-term exposure of Balb/c mice to buprofezin insecticide induces biochemical, enzymatic, histopathologic and genotoxic damage in liver and kidney tissues
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Standard histological methods were followed for fixation and staining. Briefly, liver and kidney tissues of control and treated mice were fixed in 10% formalin, dehydrated, cleared and embedded in paraffin wax. Embedded tissues were cut on a rotary microtome (Shandon, Finesse 325, Italy) at 5 µm thickness and stained with conventional Hematoxylin & Eosin. For hematoxylin preparation, Harris’s hematoxylin crystals (0.5 g), mercuric oxide (0.25 g) and potash alum (10 g) were dissolved in 95% ethanol (5 mL) and glacial acetic acid (4 mL), final volume was raised to 100 mL with distilled water. Eosin solution was prepared by adding 1 g of eosin powder and glacial acetic acid 0.5 to 99.5 mL distilled water. Sections were stained in hematoxylin for 2–3 min and eosin for 1 min. Sections were dehydrated and mounted in DPX mounting medium (BDH, Germany).
Therapeutic Effect of Intense Pulsed Light on Ocular Demodicosis
Published in Current Eye Research, 2019
XiaoZhao Zhang, Nan Song, Lan Gong
Tea tree oil (TTO) has been effectively used to eradicate ocular Demodex infestation.10 Daily lid scrub with 50% TTO for 4 weeks or 5% TTO for 12 weeks is effective in resolving ocular symptoms and inflammation in the lid margin, conjunctiva, and significantly stabilizing the lipid tear film and improving the visual acuity.10–12 However, the application of TTO is not convenient for self-administration and can cause irritation in some patients.12 The most active ingredient in Cliradex, terpinen-4-ol (T40) has also been identified to be as effective as TTO in reducing infestation of Demodex mites and ocular inflammation with minimal side effects.13,14 This method is widely used, although the strong odor and long treatment cycle may not be well-tolerated by the most patients. Other methods include: (1) iodized solution for topical cleaning, followed by application of the acaricide Permethrin 1%;15 (2) ether application complemented by application of yellow mercuric oxide 1% or 2% with Vaseline/lanolin to the eyelashes and lid rim;16 (3) pilocarpine gel 4%;12 (4) metronidazole 2% cream;17 (5) pimecrolimus 1% cream (a calcineurin antagonist)18 and daily lid scrubbing with baby shampoo. As these methods have to be used continuously for 1–3 months, it is also difficult for patients to maintain compliance. That role, however, is different from what many people expect and probably wish. So we need a new method to eradicate ocular Demodex quickly and completely.
Haematoxylin – the story of the blues
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2018
Prior to this time, during the Elizabethan era, early fabric dyers in England found the colours of haematoxylin to be ‘fugitive’. Even colourisation of hands and shirt collars was readily removed from those working with the dye. As a result and due to the dye’s lack of permanency, an Elizabethan prohibition followed which lasted nearly a century. This paved the way for the introduction of the mordant, which imparted a long-lasting permanency for the dye. The extracted haematoxylin was extracted and subsequently oxidised in boiling water to form hematein. The hematein is a complex phenolic compound similar to flavonoid pigments of flowers. There are two basic procedures which convert the haematoxylin to hematein, natural oxidation (‘ripening’) by exposure to light and air or alternatively chemical oxidation employing either sodium iodate or mercuric oxide and potassium permanganate. The chemical method is much faster and results in instantaneous oxidation.