Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Protein and amino acids
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
This 6.25 figure is an approximation and more precise values may be used for some foods. Some foods may contain non-protein nitrogen but in most cases this is largely amino acid and so would not produce any dietetic error. The Kjeldahl method can also be used to estimate the nitrogen content of urine and if this is multiplied by 6.25 it indicates how much protein has been broken down to produce this amount of nitrogen. Sweat and faeces can also be analysed for nitrogen to give a complete picture of protein losses by catabolism or direct protein loss in faeces.
Effect of zeolite on absorption and distribution of heavy metal concentrations in roots and shoots of wheat under soil contaminated with weapons
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ali Azogh, Seyed Keyvan Marashi, Teimour Babaeinejad
This research was conducted in two types of contaminated and non-contaminated soils. Sampling of contaminated soil was carried out from war zone in the southern region of Dehloran, which was related to the eight years of the Iran–Iraq war (Figure 1). For this purpose, 60 soil samples were taken from depth of 0–30 cm above the soil surface as contaminated soil. Also, 60 other points located behind the front lines were sampled as non-contaminated soil with a distance of 1000 m from the contaminated area. Each of the specimens was separately mixed and air-dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve, their physical and chemical properties were measured (Table 1). The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil saturation extract was measured using a conductivity meter (Ghazan Shahi 2010). Soil pH was measured by saturation method and measured by pH meter (Ghazan Shahi 2010). Soil texture was carried out using hydrometric method (Beretta 2014) and CEC by ammonium acetate replacement and reading with a photoelectric flame photometer (Page et al.1982). Organic carbon was measured by Sadasivam and Manickam (2008) and calcium carbonate by neutralization with chloride (Choi et al.2017). Measurement of exchangeable potassium by a replacement procedure with one-normal ammonium acetate and reading with a photoelectric flame photometer (Ghazan Shahi 2010) and phosphorus absorbable with sodium bicarbonate and spectrophotometric readings (Sadasivam and Manickam 2008). Nitrogen was also measured by the Kjeldahl method (Page et al.1982).
The effects of aflatoxin residues on nutritional contents in ground red chili peppers (Capsicum annuum)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Ozgur Kuzukiran, Ayhan Filazi, Begum Yurdakok-Dikmen, Gorkem Ozansoy-Cengiz, Ismayil Safa Gurcan, Ercan Karabulut, Ufuk Tansel Sireli
Moisture, total ash, crude fiber, crude oil, crude protein, and total carbohydrate content were determined by official standard methods and expressed in percentages (AOAC 1998). Moisture was determined by calculating the weight loss of the sample dried for 5 h in an oven heated to 105 °C. The total ash content was measured by incinerating the 2 g sample in a 550 °C oven for 6 h and then weighed the residue after cooling to room temperature in a desiccator. The crude oil content was determined by continuous extraction for 6 h on a Soxhlet device using petroleum ether. The crude protein content was calculated from the nitrogen content using the Kjeldahl method (N × 6.25). Carbohydrate content was determined by subtracting the mean values of the other parameters from 100. Thus, calculated as (carbohydrate %) = 100 − (moisture% + total ash% + crude protein% + crude oil %). Crude fiber content was determined by the addition of soluble and insoluble fractions according to the enzymatic-gravimetric method. Metabolizable energy values were calculated using the formula below (Aremu et al.2011, Ogunlade et al.2012).
Bioavailability enhancement of ondansetron after nasal administration of Caesalpinia pulcherrima-based microspheres
Published in Drug Delivery, 2015
Snehal R. Suryawanshi, Navnath P. Thakare, Digambar P. More, Nilima A. Thombre
The moisture content of CPG was detected from the weight loss upon overnight heating at 105 °C in an oven according to the American Association of Clinical Chemistry (AACC, 1995) and the ash content of the GM sample was studied according to AOAC Official Method 923.03. Protein content was calculated by obtaining the total nitrogen content by the Kjeldahl method, as described in the Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC) Official Method of Analysis 981.10. The factor N x 5.7 was used for the estimation of the total protein content of the sample. The elemental analyses were determined with an elemental analyzer (Elementar Vario El, Hanau, Germany) instrument for the determination of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen (C, S, N, O) at National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Mohali, Chandigarh, Punjab, India.