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Miscellaneous Drugs during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Gold salts are immunosuppressants in humoral and cell-mediated mechanisms, act as antirheumatic agents, and cross the placenta (Gimovsky and Montoro, 1991). Conception should be delayed one to two months after cessation of therapy in patients taking gold compounds. Fetal exposure to gold compounds has adverse neonatal renal and hemolytic effects.
Advances in Nanotheranostics with Plasmonic and Magnetic Nanoparticles
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Sérgio R. S. Veloso, Paula M. T. Ferreira, J. A. Martins, Paulo J. G. Coutinho, Elisabete M. S. Castanheira
Metals such as gold and silver have been of great importance in our lives since antiquity. For example, gold salts were used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [35, 36]. Indeed, gold has been one of the most interesting materials for biomedical applications, mainly in the development of nanoparticles owing to its unique optical and physical properties [35–38]. Besides the aspects in common with other nanoparticles, which include the optoelectronic properties dependence on size and shape and the high surface-to-volume ratio, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are highly advantageous due to the easy surface functionalisation, possible synthesisable shapes (Fig. 10.3), biocompatibility, low toxicity and the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon, which have contributed for the use of GNPs in several biomedical applications [35–37].
Nanomedicine(s) under the Microscope *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Techniques for preparation and characterization of gold nanoparticles and nanorods have been reviewed [302]. Since the 1970s monodisperse colloidal gold (5–150 nm) has become a standard cytochemical tool. Conjugation to proteins and lectins allows receptor localization, and radioactive colloidal gold enables quantitation of endocytosis (e.g., Refs. [303, 304]). Gold-based reagents are markers for lateral flow immunoassays. In the clinical setting, the doses used and the safety and efficacy of intramuscular (im) administration of gold salts as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis are well documented [305–307]. Biodistribution of gold particles (10–250 nm) in rats (24 h) measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed uptake in liver and spleen for all sizes [308]. Hollow gold nanoparticles (sometimes called nanoshells) are particularly interesting as they can be activated by a NIR laser for photoablation of tumor tissue [309]. First pilot clinical studies with AuroLase therapy are ongoing in refractory head and neck cancer patients given a single dose of AuroShell nanoparticles followed by 1 or more laser treatments. The AuroLase therapy approach is a complex system from a regulatory viewpoint as the treatment involves 3 different components: near-infrared laser source, an interstitial fiber optic probe for laser energy delivery to tumor tissue, and the new “medicine,” the AuroShell nanoparticles.
Evaluation of the skin-sensitizing potential of gold nanoparticles and the impact of established dermal sensitivity on the pulmonary immune response to various forms of gold
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
K. A. Roach, S. E. Anderson, A. B. Stefaniak, H. L. Shane, G. R. Boyce, J. R. Roberts
Unlike most other metal allergens known to cause ACD (e.g. nickel, cobalt, chromium), gold has not been previously implicated in any cases of metal-induced asthma. In fact, it remains largely unknown if respiratory exposure to gold is associated with any local or systemic immune effects. Interestingly, nearly all adverse pulmonary immune responses caused by gold have been reported in human subjects receiving systemic gold salts for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (Eisler 2003). One such response – referred to as ‘gold lung’ – is a condition often described as a variant of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, wherein inflammation of the alveolar mucosa is orchestrated by gold-reactive T-lymphocytes (Bogaert et al. 2009; Sforza and Marinou 2017). Although it remains unclear if inhalation exposures to the metal can induce similar adaptive immune responses as those responsible for gold lung, several findings from the gold allergy study suggest that similar mechanisms may be involved.
GOLD: human exposure and update on toxic risks
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Gold exhibits oxidation states ranging from −1 to +5 and theoretically has the capacity to form a large number of inorganic and organic compounds, but compounds of Au(I) and Au(III) are predominant (Henderson and Raynor 1962; Mohr et al. 2006). Gold chloride (AuCl3) is hygroscopic and highly soluble in water; it decomposes at 160° to form AuCl. Chloroauric acid (HAuCl4.xH20) formed when gold dissolves in aqua regia is also highly soluble, but corrosive and very toxic. The principle compounds listed in formularies for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis include auranofin (Ridaura®) (Figure 1), sodium aurothiomalate (Mycrisin™) sodium aurothiosulphate, aurothiopropanol sulfate (Allocristin™) and aurothioglucose (Solganal™) (Best and Sadler 1996). Auranofin contains 29% gold and is administered orally, whereas the gold thiolates are injectable. Following administration of gold salts, plasma gold is associated with red blood cells and plasma proteins. The exact metabolic fate of sodium aurothiomalate and aurothioglucose is not understood. Pharmacokinetics have shown that with aurothioglucose administration, approximately 85% of plasma gold is metabolized to lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, skin and bone. Auranofin is metabolized rapidly such that the intact molecule is not detectable in blood (Blocka 1983).
Genetically modified Pichia pastoris, a powerful resistant factory for gold and palladium bioleaching and nanostructure heavy metal biosynthesis
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Fatemeh Elahian, Razieh Heidari, Vahid Reza Charghan, Elham Asadbeik, Seyed Abbas Mirzaei
Cytotoxicity analyses of HAuCl4, PdCl2, and their corresponding metallic nanoparticles were conducted on EPG85.257 and T47D lines. Mitoxantrone was consumed as the standard positive cytotoxic agent. Palladium ions and their nanoparticle counterparts represented the least toxicity compared to mitoxantrone (p < .05). Gold (III) salts exhibited significant toxic effects on both cells (p < .001). Cytotoxic data showed that bioreduction of gold salts significantly eliminate the cell toxicity (p < .001). On the other hand, there are no statistical differences between Pd (II) ions and nano-palladiums toxicity (Figure 4 and Supplementary Table 1).