China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Aegle marmelos (Bael) and Annona squamosa (Sugar Apple)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Abhidha Kohli, Taufeeq Ahmad, Sachidanand Singh
A. squamosa (Family: Annoaceae) is a plant species which bears a fruit commonly known as “custard apple” or “sugar apple”. It is a small tropical tree which is native to South America and distributed throughout India and other tropical Asian countries. The ripe fruit pulp contains around 88.9–95.7 g calories, and the sugar content is 14.58%, amino acid lysine (54–69 mg), carotene (5–7 IU), and ascorbic acid (34.7–42.2 mg) (Morton, 1987). Various chemical constituents isolated from leaves, stems, and roots of A. squamosa include anonaine, aporphine, coryeline, isocorydine, norcorydine, and glaucine (Pandey and Barve, 2011b) to which their great medicinal benefits may be attributed. Folkloric reports suggest its use as an insecticidal, antitumor (Vikas et al., 2017), antidiabetic (Shirwaikaret al., 2004a, c), antioxidant, antilipidemic (Gupta et al., 2008), and anti-inflammatory agent (Yang et al., 2008) which may be attributed to the presence of the cyclic peptides (Gajalakshmi et al., 2011; Ramalingum et al., 2014). A glance at the edible, phytochemical, and pharmacological profile of A. squamosa is depicted in Figure 17.4.
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chemical constituents — Pulp contains moisture (62 to 64%) and reducing sugar 6.55%.1 Seeds yields an oil and resin; seeds, leaves, and immature fruit contain an acrid principle, which is insecticidal. Fruit is rich in vitamin C. The aporphone alkaloids anonaine roemerine, noreo-rydine, corydine (reported to have anticancer activity) norisocorydine, isocorydine, and glaucine have been isolated from A. squamosa92
Inhibiting Low-Density Lipoproteins Intimal Deposition and Preserving Nitric Oxide Function in the Vascular System
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Methanolic extract of tubers of Corydalis turtschaninovii Besser inhibited the enzymatic activity of aldose reductase.90 From the same tubers, glaucine, protopine, and dehydrocorynaline inhibited the enzymatic activity of aldose reductase by 16.5%, 10.9%, and 44.5% at a dose of 50 µM.90 Tetrahydropalmatine given at a single dose of 10 mg/kg intravenously to anesthetized rodents evoked an immediate and transient fall of mean arterial blood pressure (by 38 mmHg), a reduction of heart rate (by 43 beats/min), and a decrease in hypothalamic serotonine release (by 52%).91 The hypotension and bradycardia evoked by tetrahydropalmatine were inhibited by the 5-HT2 receptor agonist DOI.91 Furthermore, spinal section and bilateral vagotomy attenuated tetrahydropalmatine-induced hypotension and bradycardia, respectively.91 Arachidonic from cytoplasmic membrane phospholipids of platelets is converted to thromboxane A2 under the combined action of cyclo-oxygenase and thromboxane A2 synthetase.92 The plant contains tetrahydroberberine, which inhibited the aggregation of platelets challenged with arachidonic acid, adenosine diphosphate, and collagen.93 Besides, tetrahydroberberine inhibited the generation of thromboxane B2 in platelets exposed to arachidonic acid.93 Tetrahydroberberine at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day given intraperitoneally for 5 days negated the aggregation of platelets induced by ADP in rodents.93 Sanguinarine (Figure 5.7) inhibited the aggregation of platelets evoked by arachidonic acid and collagen with IC50 values equal to 8.3 µM and 7.7 mM.94 Against thrombin, sanguinarine inhibited platelet aggregation by 10% at a concentration of 10 µM.94 Sanguinarine inhibited the aggregation of platelets induced by the thromboxane A2 analog U46619 with an IC50 of 8.6 µM.94 The adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 attenuated the inhibitory effect of sanguinarine against the platelet aggregation evoked by arachidonic acid.94 Sanguinarine inhibited the production of thromboxane B2 by platelets challenged with arachidonic acid with an IC50 of 4.5 µM and inhibited the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenase-1 with an IC50 value of 28 µM.94 This alkaloid at 300 nM inhibited the multiplication of vascular smooth muscle cells by arresting cell cycle in G1 with induction of p27, decrease in the enzymatic activities of CDK2 and CDK4, and induction of Ras and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2.95 Chelerythrine at 8 µmol/L prevented hypertrophy of neonatal ventricular myocytes of rodents exposed to high glucose levels via reduction of protein kinase Cα (PKC-α) and protein kinase β2 (PKC- β2).96 The control of growth of vascular smooth muscle cells has critical therapeutic implication for atherosclerosis.97
Isoquinoline alkaloids isolated from Glaucium corniculatum var. corniculatum and Glaucium grandiflorum subsp. refractum var. torquatum with bioactivity studies
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Tuba Kusman Saygi, Nur Tan, Gülbahar Özge Alim Toraman, Caglayan Unsal Gurer, Osman Tugay, Gulacti Topcu
Glaucine was found to be the major alkaloid of Glaucium species, especially in the species G. flavum (Arafa et al. 2016). However, in this study, glaucine was not obtained from the extracts of the endemic species G. grandiflorum subsp. refractum var. torquatum (Aslan 2012), while G. corniculatum var. corniculatum (Figure 1) afforded glaucine with a low yield (0.94% = 45 mg/4.75 g tertiary amine extract [TAE]) (Kusman 2018). A earlier study, carried out by Gozler (1982) on the alkaloid extracts of former species, afforded glaucine at high yield (70%), which was collected from Ankara, the capital city of Turkey. This result should be attributed to the collection of the plant from a different location and a different season as well as other factors (Bogdanov et al. 2015).