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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
There are numerous chemical compounds present in Ginkgo biloba leaf. The two main pharmacologically active groups of compounds contained in Ginkgo leaf extract are the flavonoids and the terpenoids (281–283). Only two types of terpenoids are found in Ginkgo leaf: ginkgolides and bilobalide. Ginkgolides are diterpene trilactones with five types (A, B, C, J, and M), while bilobalide is a unique sesquiterpene trilactone (281, 283). Flavonoids frequently present in Ginkgo leaf extract are: flavones, biflavones (bilobetol, amentoflavone, 5 methoxybilobetol, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin and sciadopitysin), flavonols, tannins, and glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol (283). The standardized preparation of Ginkgo leaf extract made from the dried green leaves is named EGb 761 and contains two main bioactive constituents, flavonoid glycosides (about 24%) and terpene lactones (ginkgolides and bilobalide about 6%), along with less than five ppm of the allergenic component, ginkgolic acid (281, 283). Terpenoids such as ginkgolides and bilobalide help vasodilation, blood circulation, platelet anti-aggregation, and more.
Immunomodulatory Effect of Plant-Based Extracts on Neurodegeneration
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Koel Sinha, Chitrangada Das Mukhopadhyay
GB is beneficial for normal cognitive functions due to its proper antioxidant and vascular properties. Presently, in-vitro reports in rats evidenced that a vital mechanism plays a crucial role in reducing BBB permeability by enhancing the cognitive effects of Ginkgolide-B [54]. Moreover, other studies discovered that EGb-761 leaf extract, prevented brain endothelial damage by beta-amyloid oligomer. This oligomer plays a key role in AD pathogenesis [55]. The study was conducted along with 216 patients and they received either a regular dose of 240 mg EGb 761 or placebo. Besides, the clinical efficacy was done by responder analysis along with therapy response defined as response in two of the three primary variables. On the other hand, human studies with GB leaf extract decreased IL-6 levels in serum of patients with neurologic disorders [50]. Furthermore, one week treatment randomized controlled pilot study revealed that a combining effect of Panax ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, and Crocus sativus elevated the working memory in controls [50].
Herbal Supplements and Health
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Himangini Bansal, Sakshi Bajaj
The flavoglycosides present in ginkgo are its most active component and have shown surprising pharmacological capacities. These chemical compounds have free radical properties and act as an antioxidant agent. These flavonoids consist of kaempferol, isorhamnetine, and quercitin. The terpene substance of ginkgo, which incorporates the ginkgolides and the bilobalides, helps to reduce inflammation by inhibiting platelet activating factor (PAF) in the blood. This activity facilitates to reinforce circulation. PAF assumes a role in various disease, for example, heart attacks, strokes, atherosclerosis, and asthma (Nash and Shah, 2015).
Exploring the potential of solid dispersion for improving solubility, dissolution & bioavailability of herbal extracts, enriched fractions, and bioactives
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Debadatta Mohapatra, Ashish K. Agrawal, Alakh N. Sahu
Ginkgo biloba (family-Ginkgoaceae) is extensively used to treat multiple diseases, especially neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. The standardised Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) of the leaf is used worldwide as a phytomedicine and a dietary supplement (Wang et al.2015) & also commercialised in the form of granules, tablets, dripping pills, capsules, etc. However, the low water solubility and poor oral bioavailability constrict the therapeutic value of marketed products. The SD of GBE (GBE-SD) was made to avoid such limitations via HME technology. The in-vitro dissolution, as well as the in-vivo oral bioavailability study, revealed the potential of GBE-SD to elevate the rate of dissolution & oral bioavailability of GB (Wang et al.2015). The dissolution profile of total flavonoids and total terpene lactones were found to be significantly increased in GBE-SD compared to the physical mixture (extract & polymer) and non-formulated GBE extract. The results of the PK study also revealed the significant increase in the bioavailability in terms of peak plasma concentration (Cmax) & area under the curve (AUC0–t) of ginkgolide A, bilobalide, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, quercetin (QCT), kaempferol (KMF) and isorhamnetin (ISR) upon oral administration of GBE-SD (Wang et al.2015).
The effect of intravenous ginkgolide on clinical improvement of patients with acute ischemic stroke
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Yi Dong, Huiqin Li, Qiang Dong
Ginkgolide is a family of terpenic lactones isolated from the root and leaves of the tree ginkgo biloba. Ginkgolide (Baiyu®) is composed of ginkgolide ABCJ and bilobalide. Ginkgolide was shown the contribution on PAF antagonistic effect in both preclinical and clinical studies. On the other hand, bilobalide combined with ginkgolide was found its neuroprotective in acute ischemic stroke [9,10]. In rodent model, the administration of ginkgolide either before or shortly after the middle cerebral artery occlusion was found that it could reduce the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury with all aspects of infarct volume, cerebral edema reduction, and improvement of neuron apoptosis and neurologic deficits [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. Importantly, it has also been reported to improve neurologic function and slow vascular cognitive impairment in patients with acute ischemic stroke [27–30]. However, there are hot debates in the beneficial effect of ginkgolide and its combinations in acute ischemic stroke patients. Only one meta-analysis failed to conclude that ginkgolide family is an effective treatment or not [31].
Targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in neurodegenerative diseases: recent approaches and current challenges
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Annalucia Serafino, Daniela Giovannini, Simona Rossi, Mauro Cozzolino
Among the components of Chinese herbal medicines, Ginkgo biloba extract has been demonstrated to alleviate symptoms of age-related dementia and AD [183,184], and to improve spatial learning and/or memory in young rats and a transgenic mouse model of AD [185,186]. In 2017, Li et al. demonstrated that Ginkgo biloba extract and one of its main ingredients, ginkgolide B, are able to promote neuronal differentiation in neural stem cells through the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway [161] (Figure 2 and Table 1). Interestingly, ginkgolide B can cross the blood-brain barrier [187], and this increases the attractiveness of this nature-derived compound as a potential therapeutic for neurodegenerative disorders or brain injuries.