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Decontextualised Chinese medicines
Published in Vivienne Lo, Michael Stanley-Baker, Dolly Yang, Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine, 2022
Michael Heinrich, Ka Yui Kum, Ruyu Yao
So, how did gingko become a part of medical practice in the first in Europe and then the ‘global North’? This living fossil8 survived in China and was mostly grown in monasteries in the mountains, temple gardens or palaces. Without doubt, Ginkgo is an object of veneration and a sacred tree of the East, but the leaves are of no major importance in Chinese medicine and are recorded as effective for cardiovascular diseases. The tree has been seen as a symbol of changelessness, with miraculous powers. In general, it is a symbol of longevity with cultivation by Buddhist monks reported from about 1100 CE. Around 1192 the seeds were taken to Japan (where they were also linked to Buddhism) and Korea. Ginkgo does not seem to have been mentioned in ancient Chinese texts, but in the Song dynasty (eleventh century) it was listed as a species native to Eastern China. It has been depicted in Chinese paintings and appeared in poems.
Antioxidant Phytochemicals and Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Saikat Sen, Raja Chakraborty, Atanu Bhattacharjee
A systematic review summarized the clinical potential of Salvia officinalis and Salvia lavandulaefolia against AD. The effect of these plants was investigated on both healthy individuals and on patients with AD. Studies on the healthy individuals found that plant was useful in improving memory, mood, and cognitive performance. Plants also proved useful for managing mild-to-moderate AD, improving attention and decreasing neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with AD, although the systematic review also concluded that better-designed studies were required in this area (Miroddi et al., 2014). Ginkgo biloba extracts were also investigated in clinical trials. High doses of ginkgo (240 mg) elicited beneficial effects, in terms of improving cognitive ability and associated psychopathological symptoms (Janßen et al., 2010).
Pharmacological Management of Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rakesh Kumar, Rajan Kumar, Abhinav Anand, Neha Sharma, Navneet Khurana
Mostly it is considered that the natural herbs don’t have any side effects, but it is not true. As they all have the chemicals, and different chemicals have different kind of action with the targets. So, Ginkgo biloba also reported having a certain adverse effect such as gastrointestinal upset, headache, dizziness. In the animal study, it is reported to have carcinogenic at high dose level (Diamond and Bailey, 2013; Ulbricht et al., 2008).
Ginkgo biloba leaves extract’s cosmeceutical evaluation: a preliminary assessments on human volunteers towards achieving improved skin condition and rejuvenation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif, Hamdoon A. Mohammed, Ali M. Al-Khalaf, Omar Khan, Mahmoud A. H. Mostafa, Rwaida A. Al Haidari, Hesham H. Taha, Riaz A. Khan
Chemically, the EGb 761® contains nearly 24% flavone glycosides, which are primarily composed of quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, and isorhamnetin, together with 6% terpene lactones, of which 2.8–3.4% (w/w) is ginkgolides A, B, C, and J, and 2.6–3.2% (w/w) is bilobalide. The ginkgolide B and bilobalide account for about 0.8% and 3% of the total leaf extract, respectively. In contrast, other extract constituents are proanthocyanidin, polysaccharide, biflavonoids, glucose, rhamnose, organic acids, D-glucaric and ginkgolic acids, etc. Some of the major, chemically, and pharmacologically important Ginkgo constituents’ structures are presented (Figure 1). For all the major compounds’ structures, refer to the Supplementary file S1 ((A) Flavonoid glycoside, (B) Ginkgolide, (C) Flavonoid aglycone.
Effectiveness of Tinnitan Duo® in Subjective Tinnitus with Emotional Affectation: A Prospective, Interventional Study
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Jennifer Knäpper, M. Victoria Girauta, Jordi Coromina
Tinnitus loudness measured with the TDR scale was significantly reduced (23.5% reduction) after 3 months of treatment with Tinnitan Duo. This reduction could indicate that the food supplement not only helps reduce the impact of tinnitus on daily life, but could also improve the perception of tinnitus loudness. However, comparative studies are required to corroborate this finding. In this context, substances such as Gingko Biloba or magnesium could be responsible for such effects. Ginkgo biloba extracts possess antioxidant and anti-angiogenic properties and are commonly used for the treatment of tinnitus (DeFeudis et al. 2003). Whereas a systematic review found no evidence of the effectiveness of Gingko biloba in patients with a primary complaint of tinnitus (Hilton et al. 2013), the extract EGb 761® was proven superior to placebo in another systematic review (von Boetticher 2011). The potential use of magnesium in tinnitus derives from its protective effect against auditory threshold shifts (Attias et al. 2004; Abaamrane et al. 2009) and acoustic trauma (Sendowski 2006), and by the decreased endogenous levels observed in people with tinnitus (Uluyol 2016). However, evidence on its effectiveness is scarce, with only one single-arm, open-label study showing a significant reduction in the THI score after 3 months of treatment (Cevette et al. 2010). Moreover, the antioxidant effects of zinc and melatonin could have also contributed to improving tinnitus perception.
Exploring the potential of solid dispersion for improving solubility, dissolution & bioavailability of herbal extracts, enriched fractions, and bioactives
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Debadatta Mohapatra, Ashish K. Agrawal, Alakh N. Sahu
Ginkgo biloba (family-Ginkgoaceae) is extensively used to treat multiple diseases, especially neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. The standardised Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) of the leaf is used worldwide as a phytomedicine and a dietary supplement (Wang et al.2015) & also commercialised in the form of granules, tablets, dripping pills, capsules, etc. However, the low water solubility and poor oral bioavailability constrict the therapeutic value of marketed products. The SD of GBE (GBE-SD) was made to avoid such limitations via HME technology. The in-vitro dissolution, as well as the in-vivo oral bioavailability study, revealed the potential of GBE-SD to elevate the rate of dissolution & oral bioavailability of GB (Wang et al.2015). The dissolution profile of total flavonoids and total terpene lactones were found to be significantly increased in GBE-SD compared to the physical mixture (extract & polymer) and non-formulated GBE extract. The results of the PK study also revealed the significant increase in the bioavailability in terms of peak plasma concentration (Cmax) & area under the curve (AUC0–t) of ginkgolide A, bilobalide, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, quercetin (QCT), kaempferol (KMF) and isorhamnetin (ISR) upon oral administration of GBE-SD (Wang et al.2015).