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Chemical and Functional Properties of Amazonian Fruits
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Elaine Pessoa, Josilene Lima Serra, Hervé Rogez, Sylvain Darnet
The genipap iridoids are considered as a promising source of blue pigment for food applications, particularly acidic foods. The stability and antioxidant capacity were studied by in vitro simulated digestion of the unripe genipap endocarp extract. The extract is rich in iridoids, including genipin, genipin 1-β-gentiobioside, geniposide, gardenoside, 6′-O-p-coumaroyl geniposidic acid and 6′-O-feruloyl-geniposidic acid. The results revealed an increase in these compounds during the gastric phase (pH 2.0 at 37°C) and a decrease during the intestinal phase (pH 7.0 at 37°C). Genipin is not detected after the intestinal phase, demonstrating the instability of these compounds at neutral pH values. Interestingly, an increase of 17% to 18% was observed after in vitro digestion (Neri-numa et al., 2018).
Geniposidic acid protects lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Iridoid glucoside is one kind of natural compound containing monoterpene rings and has biological active duplicity [13]. Geniposidic acid (GPA) is an iridoid glucoside extracted from Gardeniae jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) [14]. GPA relieves inflammation and liver-related diseases. As has been reported, GPA reduces the production of inflammatory cytokine IL-8 by restraining the phosphorylation of P38 [15]; GPA alleviates GalN/LPS-induced liver injury by enhancing the antioxidant defense system and repressing the apoptotic signaling pathways [16]; GPA has a protective effect on hepatotoxicity and acute intrahepatic cholestasis through bile transporter Bsep and Mrp2 [17]. However, the role and mechanism of GPA in ALI remain unknown. In the current study, we confirmed that GPA had a palliative effect on LPS-induced ALI in rats. Furthermore, we clarified that GPA repressed pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation induced by ALI, prompting that GPA might be a promising drug for the treatment of ALI.
Metabolic profile elucidation of Zhi–Zi–Da–Huang decoction in rat intestinal bacteria using high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with multiple analytical perspectives
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Miao Wang, Qing Hu, Qingshui Shi, Gongjun Yang, Fang Feng
The content of P2 was increased in 0–8 h and was disappeared after 24 h. This result indicated that P2 was an intermediate from the microbial metabolism. P2 was eluted at 22.22 min and showed fragment ions at m/z 373.1143[M-H]–, m/z 397.1107 [M + Na]+, and m/z 211.0615[M-H-Glc]–. These fragment ions were all 14 Da less than that of geniposide, suggesting P2 as a demethylation product. Matching the relevant information of P2 with the database built in MSF, P2 was tentatively attributed as geniposidic acid. Dehydrocarbylation is quite common in the metabolism of intestinal bacteria. Herein, geniposide was considered to be demethylated for more geniposidic acid in 0–8 h, whereafter geniposidic acid was further metabolized to others under the transformation of β-d-glucosidase.
Molecular mechanistic insight into the anti-hyperuricemic effect of Eucommia ulmoides in mice and rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Cong Fang, Lanying Chen, Mingzhen He, Yingying Luo, Mengjing Zhou, Ni Zhang, Jinfeng Yuan, Huiling Wang, Yongyan Xie
Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (Eucommiaceae), a Chinese traditional medicine, is used as a tonic in China, Japan, Korea, and other countries (He et al. 2014). E. ulmoides contains enriched chemical components such as lignans, iridoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and phenol, which possess various medicinal properties (Hussain et al. 2016; Yan et al. 2018). It has been used as a functional food to strengthen muscles, improve liver and kidney function, and increase life expectancy (Yen and Hsieh 2000). E. ulmoides also has a protective effect on renal function in mice and rats (Niu et al. 2016; Do et al. 2018). Geniposidic acid and chlorogenic acid are used to authenticate E. ulmoides, according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, geniposide, pinoresinol diglucoside, rutin, and quercetin are the primary components of E. ulmoides (He et al. 2014). Previous studies have demonstrated that chlorogenic acid, rutin, and quercetin exert an anti-hyperuricaemia effect in hyperuricemic mice (Hu et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2013; Meng et al. 2014; Xie et al. 2015; Ferraz-Filha et al. 2017). Therefore, we hypothesized that it may have a protective effect on hyperuricaemia.