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Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Crocetin (Figure 12.40) is a naturally occurring apocarotenoid dicarboxylic acid found in the crocus flower and the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides. The chemical structure of crocetin forms the central core of crocin, the compound responsible for the color of saffron, and is claimed to contribute to the diverse health benefits reported for it including chemopreventive activity, although the mechanisms for this are unclear.
The Antidepressant Effects of Yueue and the Herbs of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
A 2008 study in China found Yueju and venlafaxine to be quite similar in antidepressant effect in depressed patients, but with Yueju having fewer side effects.3 The Japanese traditional herbal medicine mixture, kamishoyosan, which contains Gardenia jasminoides, was soon after found to ease anxiety and depression in menopausal women in a manner similar to that of paroxetine. The herbal treatment also reduced serum levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6.4
Inhibiting the Absorption of Dietary Carbohydrates and Fats with Natural Products
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Based on its ability to reduce the absorption of dietary triglycerides, orlistat (Xenical®, Roche) is used as an adjunct treatment of obesity in conjunction with mild diet restriction.169 It is taken in adults at a dose of 120 mg before, during, or up to each main meal but has many side effects, hence the need to develop new leads.169 The carotenoid glycoside crocin and its aglycone crocetin isolated from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Figure 1.39) inhibited pancreatic lipase with IC50 values of 2.7 and 2.1 mg/mL (orlistat: IC50: 0.8 mg/mL).170 Crocin and crocetin at doses of 50 mg/kg/day given orally to high-fat diet ICR mice for 5 weeks reduced triglycerides from 160.4 to 114.6 and 111.9 mg/dL (normal: 74.9 mg/dL; orlistat 10 mg/kg/day: 81.1 mg/dL); total cholesterol from 248 mg/dL to 170.5 mg/dL to 159.1 mg/dL (normal: 93.1 mg/dL; orlistat 10 mg/kg/day: 159.6 mg/dL).170 This finding was confirmed by Sheng et al. (2006) who reported that crocin evoked 50% inhibition of pancreatic lipase at a concentration of 28.6 μmol/L in vitro. Crocin given orally to rats at single dose 100 mg/kg with a lipid emulsion reduced postprandial plasma triglycerides peak at 6 hours from about 250 to 75 mg/dL and plasma cholesterol peak at 9 hours from about 290 to 140 mg/dL, respectively.171 In line, rats on high-fat diet given crocin orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 2 days had increased fecal secretion of cholesterol.171 These experimental evidences lend support to the suggestion that the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, if not toxic, could be of value for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
Anti-inflammatory action of geniposide promotes wound healing in diabetic rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Xiao-yan Chen, Wen-wen Jiang, Yan-ling Liu, Zhao-xia Ma, Jian-qiang Dai
Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Rubiaceae) is a classic Chinese herb used for medicine and food; it is the main composition of many Chinese medicine prescriptions, such as Huanglian Jiedu decoction, Zhihong ointment and Zhi-zi-chi decoction. In Chinese medical theory, Gardenia jasminoides could reach meridians of heart, lung, and triple burner and suppress the evil fire, relieve internal heat, and cool blood in the body (Liu et al. 2013). Geniposide is a major iridoid glycoside in Gardenia jasminoides (Chen, Chen et al. 2020; Chen, Li et al. 2020). It has been reported in the literature that geniposide performed anti-inflammation and neuroprotective activities via modulating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signalling pathways (Suzuki et al. 2001; Wu et al. 2019; Yuan et al. 2020; Zhou et al. 2020). In our earlier studies, the antithrombotic effect and anti-platelet aggregation of geniposide and genipin were also evaluated in animal models (Zhang et al. 2013; Liu, Chen, et al. 2021; Liu, Wang, et al. 2021). However, the potential effect of geniposide in wound healing of diabetic rats was not studied. This study evaluates the effect of geniposide in diabetic wound model by anti-inflammatory action.
Symbiotic microorganisms: prospects for treating atopic dermatitis
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Rongrong Chai, Zongguang Tai, Yunjie Zhu, Chaochao Chai, Zhongjian Chen, Quangang Zhu
Ozone is a highly effective disinfectant and bactericide against Escherichia coli, S. aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis. Ozone has immunomodulatory, epigenetic, and analgesic effects, and ozone oil/water can reduce the itching associated with skin inflammation [148]. Studies have shown that the SCORAD index and abundance of S. aureus can be reduced by using an ozonated water shower and applying topical ozonized camellia oil to the nasal mucosa of patients with AD, and microbial diversity in the nasal cavity increased after ozonated therapy [149]. Ozonated oil inhibited the expression of Th2 cytokines and induced the expression of IL-10 in AD mice [150]. In addition, ozonated oil/water bath therapy reduced the SCORAD index and abundance of S. aureus in patients with moderate-to-severe AD [151]. SB414 is a topical cream containing bedazimer sodium, which slowly releases nitric oxide. It has short-term immunomodulatory effects in patients with AD and may contribute to the treatment of AD [152]. Narrow-band ultraviolet B treatment in adult patients with AD increased the microbial diversity of lesional skin but had no effect on non-lesion skin [153]. Gardenia jasminoides restored the intestinal microbiome profile and ameliorated antibiotic-associated aggravation of 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene-induced AD and has potential in AD therapy [154].
Geniposide alleviates lipopolysaccharide-caused apoptosis of murine kidney podocytes by activating Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK-mediated cell autophagy
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Geniposide (GEN, CAS number: 24512–63-8) is a plant-derived iridoid glycoside firstly isolated from the dry fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (also named as “Zhizi” in China) [7]. In view of its chemical structure (Figure 1), this compound is also considered as a glycoside consisting of one molecule of genipin and one molecule of glucose [8]. The pharmacological activities of GEN include neuroprotection [9], hepatic-protection [10], anti-inflammation [11], anti-oxidation [12], anti-tumour [13], anti-asthma [14] and anti-diabetic [15]. Experimental research from Xu et al. reported that GEN could ameliorate colitis in rats by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines release and restoring impaired intestinal barrier function [11]. Another review about Chinese herbal medicines indicated that GEN could protect renal intrinsic cells, including podocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells and renal collecting duct epithelial cells, and relieve kidney disease progression [16]. However, until now, the specific regulatory mechanism about the effects of GEN on NS still remains unclear. More studies are still needed to further explore the effects of GEN on podocytes damage in NS.