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Chemical and Functional Properties of Amazonian Fruits
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Elaine Pessoa, Josilene Lima Serra, Hervé Rogez, Sylvain Darnet
The genipap fruits are well known for their iridoid content, primarily genipin and geniposide (Figure 8.3) (Table 8.2). Both of these iridoids were found only in the unripe fruits. These compounds decrease more than 90% during ripening, explaining the absence of the formation of the blue pigment after the ripe fruits are opened. Geniposide is often used in Asian countries as a natural yellow dye. This compound represents more than 70% of the total iridoid content of the unripe fruit (Bentes and Mercadante, 2014). Genipin is a colorless iridoid from the monoterpene class, being an excellent source of blue pigment. Genipin reacts spontaneously with primary amines and proteins in the presence of oxygen, producing a water-soluble bluish-violet pigment. The endocarp and whole fruit present a higher genipin content than the other parts of fruit, such as the peel, mesocarp and seed (Náthia-Neves et al., 2017; Neri-Numa et al., 2017). In the ripe fruit, the genipin gentiobioside is the primary compound found in the endocarp (Bentes and Mercadante, 2014).
Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects of Terpenes, Polyphenolics, and Other Non-Flavonoid Phytochemicals
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Genipin is a monoterpenoid extracted from Gardenia jasminoides, an herb commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. It is a component of Yueju, an herbal combination used for the treatment of symptoms of depression. Genipin has numerous neuroprotective effects, including prevention of lipid peroxidation and production of nitric oxide, anti-inflammatory effects, and protection of hippocampal neurons from the toxicity of amyloid β protein.102 It also has shown antidepressant-like effects in rodent models.
Application of chitosan in dentistry—a review
Published in J. Belinha, R.M. Natal Jorge, J.C. Reis Campos, Mário A.P. Vaz, João Manuel, R.S. Tavares, Biodental Engineering V, 2019
J.M.S. Gomes, J. Belinha, R.M. Natal Jorge
Since commercially available barrier membranes degrade rapidly and in an unpredictable manner, Norowski et al. attempted to make chitosan nanofibrous membranes with an extended degradation time. The scaffolds were cross-linked with genipin, which has been shown to increase the biocompatibility and decrease the inflammatory response. The results of this study demonstrated that the crosslinking improved the mechanical properties and prolonged the degradation time of the membranes, not affecting the cytocompatibility. Therefore, the cross-linked chitosan membranes may be considered as a good option for guided bone regeneration (Norowski Jr et al., 2015).
Ocular Rigidity and Current Therapy
Published in Current Eye Research, 2023
For pathologic myopia, surgical, chemical, and pharmacological approaches have been proposed. Surgically, in cases of posterior staphyloma, thin, ectatic sclera has been reinforced by strips of donor sclera or other material. Results have been reported in small numbers of subjects suggesting that this technique may have some benefit.95 Regarding scleral cross-linking, riboflavin and UV-A treatment of the posterior sclera was attempted in rabbits. This technique had the advantage of being local but has the disadvantages of requiring surgery and of having retinal toxicity.129 Other low-cytotoxic cross-linking agents that can be administered by injection have been tested. Sub-Tenon’s injection of genipin or glyceraldehyde was shown to slow the development of experimental myopia.130–133 Repeated injections were required to slow the development of myopia. Significant retinal toxicity was observed even at the lowest dose of retrobulbar genipin.134 It was proposed that a low dose slow released delivery system might dampen the toxic effects but other agents might need to be developed. A full investigation of potential toxic side effects is required for these agents since blood vessels, nerves, the choroid, the optic nerve, and even the cornea are nearby. In one study, sub-Tenon’s genipin diffused across the limbal boundary, crosslinking the cornea.131
Synthesis and characterisation of aqueous haemoglobin-based microcapsules coated by genipin-cross-linked albumin
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2020
Kai Melvin Schakowski, Jürgen Linders, Katja Bettina Ferenz, Michael Kirsch
Hb-microcapsules were prepared by modifying methods that were originally developed by Xionget al. (Xiong et al.2012, 2013, Li et al.2017). Since lately cross-linkage of proteins by genipin has gained attention (Butler et al.2003, Yoo et al.2011, Shahgholian et al.2017), the chemical cross-linkers BNBA and DMT-MM used by Xionget al. were replaced by genipin, a natural substance derived from the iridoid glycoside geniposide. Although genipin does not serve as a cross-linker as naturally purposed, it’s chemical properties can be used to link amino-groups (Djerassi et al.1960). The mechanism of linking amino-groups by genipin has first been described by Butleret al. in 2003 (s. Figure 1) (Butler et al.2003).
Biomimetic cartilage scaffold with orientated porous structure of two factors for cartilage repair of knee osteoarthritis
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Jianhua Wang, Yingying Wang, Xiaomin Sun, Deshuai Liu, Chenguang Huang, Jiulin Wu, Chunrong Yang, Qiqing Zhang
Bovine collagen was supplied by Bote Biotech, Co., Ltd (Fuzhou, China). Bovine serum albumin (96%), CS (95% degree of deacetylation, 100–200 mPa.s viscosity), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 1788 low-viscosity, and HAS (95%, Mw 403.31) were purchased from the Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). PLGA (lactide to glycolide ratio of 75:25, Mw 38–54 kDa) and KGN (98%) were obtained from the Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). SF was extracted from Bombyx mori with the method described by Zhang et al [37]. Human TGF-beta1 was purchased from the PeproTech (Suzhou, China). CCK-8 kit was purchased from Best Bio (Shanghai, China). Genipin (≥98%) was purchased from Xi’an Kai Lai Biological Engineering Co., Ltd (Xi’an, China). M5 BCA protein assay kit was purchased from Mei5 Biotechnology, Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). All other chemical reagents were of analytical grade and obtained from commercial sources.