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Prevention and Management of Complications
Published in Yates Yen-Yu Chao, Sebastian Cotofana, Anand V Chytra, Nicholas Moellhoff, Zeenit Sheikh, Adapting Dermal Fillers in Clinical Practice, 2022
Yates Yen-Yu Chao, Sebastian Cotofana, Nicholas Moellhoff
Outbreaks of mycobacteria have been reported more with meso-patterned injections. Mycobacteria are in the environment, especially in tap and potable water. Prevention should be emphasized, with injection hygiene throughout the process and handling of the injection products. For disinfectant to prevent contamination, the injector can consider glutaraldehyde. Ethyl and isopropyl alcohols are effective but their rapid evaporation limits the contact time. Iodophors are effective but stain the skin.
Prevention of Microbial Contamination during Manufacturing
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Glutaraldehyde is a dialdehyde that has bactericidal, fungicidal and sporicidal activity (75,79). An activated 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde solution is used as a disinfectant. The advantages are that it has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, is active in the presence of organic matter and is noncorrosive toward metals and rubber. The disadvantages are that it is sensitive to acidic pHs and alkaline solutions of glutaraldehyde have poor stability in maintaining the antimicrobial activity for storage periods greater than 2 weeks (80,81). Furthermore, glutaraldehyde can cause sensitivity reactions on unprotected skin and its vapors are an inhalation irritant. The following types of personnel protective equipment are recommended if glutaraldehyde is used: nitrile or butyl rubber gloves, safety goggles, disposable waterproof aprons and charcoal-impregnated face masks.
Ultrastructural Immunocytochemistry
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Samuel S. Spicer, Bradley A. Schulte
However, many tissues (for example, the central nervous system) require perfusion fixation usually for a brief period followed by more fixation in situ or by immersion. A procedure that can be recommended (Mugnaini, 1985) entails cardiac perfusion at 80 cmH2O pressure with physiological saline containing a vasodilator to clear the blood, approximately 10 min perfusion with a 2% glutaraldehyde-4% paraformaldehyde solution, further perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde, and retention of the latter fixative in the unopened animal for 1 hr prior to removal of tissue. Exposure to 2% glutaraldehyde even for only 10 min in this procedure may compromise the immunogenicity of the antigen.
Multifocal Serpiginoid Choroiditis Due to Mycobacterium Mageritense following Laparoscopic Hysterectomy in an Immunocompetent Host
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Shrey Maheshwari, Shweta Parakh, Shrutanjoy M Das, Alok Ahuja, Shashi Nath Jha, Rupesh Agrawal, Vishali Gupta, Saurabh Luthra
The most probable source of infection in our case was the laparoscopic surgery, as has been reported in literature.42,43 The improper sterilization of laparoscopes and possible contamination of solutions and disinfectants by tap and natural water (which can be easily colonized by ubiquitous atypical mycobacteria) can lead to such infections after surgery. The most-effective measure to prevent such infections is the use of disposable laparoscopic instruments (as done in Western countries).44 Chaudhuri et al. have described the proper sterilization technique for reusable laparoscopes by longer hours (8–12 h) of exposure to higher concentration (3.4%) of glutaraldehyde, which proves to be sporicidal as compared to the routine standard sterilization procedure (20-min exposure to 2.0–2.5% glutaraldehyde) which achieves only high-level disinfection. The use of disinfectants only up to a specified limit such as 100 cycles or a period of 28 days of 3.4% glutaraldehyde solution is necessary to maintain right potency of the chemical to achieve desired sterilization.44 The use of ultrasonic technology for mechanical cleaning of instruments after complete dismantling of parts and ethylene oxide gas or advanced gas plasma sterilization technology (Sterrad) is recommended to prevent such adverse outcomes.44,45 The absence of molecular or microbiological evidence of Mycobacterium mageritense in any ocular specimen of our patient remains the limitation of our case report.
Controlled release of dexamethasone from poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Jingjunjiao Long, Ashveen V. Nand, Craig Bunt, Ali Seyfoddin
A 5% (w/v) PVA solution was prepared by dissolving PVA in deionized water under continuous mechanical stirring for 2 h at 95 °C. The solution was cooled to room temperature before further treatment. DEX powder was added to the PVA solution to obtain a final concentration of 2.5 mg/mL under continuous string to yield a well-dispersed suspension. Varying amounts of GA, a crosslinker, was slowly added to the PVA/DEX suspension under mechanical stirring. Glutaraldehyde residues may have some toxicity however, only low concentrations of GA were used in this study (0.125–0.725% v/v). Based on the molar ratios calculated in Table 1 (PVA:GA in the range of 72:1–12:1), GA should be fully consumed in the crosslinking reaction as complete reaction between GA and PVA should occur at the molar ratio of PVA:GA = 2:1. Considering PVA is more than sufficient in this reaction, the residue of GA can be regarded as negligible. The reaction between GA and PVA chains, leading to a 3-dimensional crosslinked macromolecular structure, is presented in Figure 1. Hydrochloric acid (0.1% v/v) was added to create an acid environment for gel formation. DEX-free hydrogels were prepared as control. The detailed compositions of hydrogels are listed in Table 1.
Characterisation of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil encapsulates
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Murat Yilmaztekin, Steva Lević, Ana Kalušević, Mustafa Cam, Branko Bugarski, Vesna Rakić, Vladimir Pavlović, Viktor Nedović
Coacervates showed lower EE compared to encapsulate produced by other encapsulation methods used in this study (see Table 2). As a result, the kinetic of mass loss of coacervates at high temperatures is most probably affected by low essential oil content. Also, the reason for the difference in the thermal properties of alginate beads and coacervates may be the fact that Ca-alginate beads are produced by gelling of sodium alginate using Ca2+ ions as a crosslinker. Thus, Ca-alginate is most probably more thermal stable matrix compared to gelatine/alginate coacervates that are not crosslinked. Devi et al. (2012) suggested that additional crosslinking using glutaraldehyde as crosslinker provides better thermal properties of gelatine/alginate microcapsules produced by complex coacervation. However, the usage of glutaraldehyde is limited in the food industry. This problem could be for example solved by using enzymatic crosslinking of gelatine (Prata et al. 2008).