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Transformation of Natural Products by Marine-Derived Microorganisms
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Thayane Melo de Queiroz, André Luiz Meleiro Porto
Flavonoids are organic compounds formed by three rings (A, B, and C) with a basic structural skeleton of the diphenylpropane type (C6-C3-C6). The members of this class of compounds are represented by flavonols (kaempferol, myricetin and quercetin), flavones (apigenin and luteolin), flavanones (naringenin and hesperetin), flavanols (catechin and epi-catechin), and isoflavones (daidzein and genistein), among others. Flavanones occur predominantly in citrus fruits, flavones occur in herbs, isoflavones occur in vegetables, flavanols occur in fruits, and flavonols occur in fruits and vegetables (Yao et al., 2004; Raffa et al., 2017). Studies suggest that flavonoids have important biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anticarcinogenic, and vasodilating activities (Williams et al., 2004; Soobrattee et al., 2005; Haytowitz et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2013; Rosa et al., 2017).
Effects of Food Processing, Storage, and Cooking on Nutrients in Plant-Based Foods
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Flavonols include quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin and are present in fruits and vegetables such as apples, blueberries, grapes, broccoli, kale, leeks, and onions (Blumberg & Milbury, 2006). Flavanols are present in many fruits and seeds including apricots, apples, and grapes and are present in foods such as tea and chocolate. The primary forms of flavanols are catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin which tend to be relatively stable to various cooking methods. Flavones are found in celery, parsley, and cereals and in the rinds of citrus fruits. Flavanones are found in citrus fruits, primarily in the membrane structure and peel. Isoflavones are characteristically found in legumes including soy and are stable to cooking and processing, which is reflected in high levels found in soy products such as tofu, tempeh, and soy flours (Figures 2.8 and 2.9).
Herbs in Cancer Therapy
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Annum Malik, Shahzadi Sidra Saleem, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Learn-Han Lee, Bey Hing Goh, Tahir Mehmood Khan
Flavonoids, or bioflavonoids, include about 3000 natural phenolic structures. They commonly occur in almost every vegetable, fruit, and herb. They are also found in tea and coffee. Flavonoids constitute a considerable part of our daily dietary value, mostly in the form of quercetin (Kühnau 1976). They act as anti-inflammatory, enzyme inhibitors, that can potentially improve capillary resistance and battle free radicals. Flavonoids are classified into flavanones, flavones, isoflavones, flavonols, flavanols, and anthocyanidins. Flavanones have limited distribution, found mainly in citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges (Hollman et al. 1997). Flavones are widely distributed, such as luteolin and apigenin. Isoflavones include genistein, which can potentially inhibit human prostate cancer cells, and daidzein. Food rich in isoflavones includes legumes such as soy. Flavonols are found as naturally occurring glycosides, and the major ones include kaempferol and quercetin. Flavanols, or flavan-3-ols, have limited distribution and are found in tea, apples, broccoli, etc. Catechins such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) are an example of flavanols. Anthrocyanidins are red-blue pigments found in berries. They are responsible for pigmentation in fruits.
The pharmacological properties and corresponding mechanisms of farrerol: a comprehensive review
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Xiaojiang Qin, Xinrong Xu, Xiaomin Hou, Ruifeng Liang, Liangjing Chen, Yuxuan Hao, Anqi Gao, Xufeng Du, Liangyuan Zhao, Yiwei Shi, Qingshan Li
Flavanone, a common class of polyphenol compounds naturally present in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, flowers, and bark, exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, antitumor, and antibacterial effects (Zhu et al. 2007; Zhao J et al. 2012; Abotaleb et al. 2018; Chen et al. 2019; Farhadi et al. 2019). A common flavanone, farrerol, that is isolated from the traditional Chinese herb ‘Man-shan-hong’ [the dried leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L. (Ericaceae)] has phlegm-reducing and cough-relieving properties, and is thus widely used in China for treating bronchitis and asthma (Li et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2016). However, to overcome its poor extraction yield on extraction from natural resources, farrerol and its derivatives have been successfully synthesised using multiple chemical methods to investigate their novel pharmacological properties (Shi et al. 2010, 2011; Zhang et al. 2019). Consequently, research on farrerol in the field of medicine has progressed rapidly in recent years. Moreover, farrerol enhances in-frame integration of exogenous donor DNA and has the ability to efficiently generate knock-in mice with germline transmission capacity (Zhang, Murugesan, et al. 2020). Consequently, research on farrerol in the field of medicine has progressed rapidly in recent years with many novel molecular mechanisms having been characterized.
Flavonoid-rich fraction of Lasianthera africana leaves alleviates hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Daniel Emmanuel Ekpo, Parker Elijah Joshua, Arome Solomon Odiba, Okwesilieze Fred Chiletugo Nwodo
Although liver injury is a major cause of death worldwide, therapeutic interventions targeted at protecting the hepatocytes from damage or repair of damaged hepatocytes are largely limited. Recently, advancement in scientific research has pave the way for the isolation of bioactive phytochemicals with pharmacological effects, which are now used as potential therapeutic agents (Farghali et al. 2015). Extracts from medicinal plants contain different phytochemical compounds including flavonoids as well as other polyphenolic compounds which confer therapeutic effects due to their antioxidative stress properties. Flavonoids are antioxidant phytochemical compounds, consisting of flavones, flavanone, flavanols, flavonols, and flavanonols, which make up a large group of plant secondary metabolites (Chua et al. 2011). They make up an essential part of human diet and are ubiquitous in vegetables, nuts, flowers, seeds, stem, fruits, tea, and wine (Sandhar et al. 2011). Flavonoids in particular are known for their anti-inflammatory and anti-mutagenic properties, as well as their capacity to modulate key cellular enzyme activities (Panche et al. 2016). They also show very good antioxidant (Procházková et al. 2011), anticancer (Souza et al. 2018) and hepatoprotective effects (Zhang et al. 2018), and function as scavengers for free radicals by rapid donation of hydrogen atoms (Kumar and Pandey 2013).
In vivo and in silico evaluation of the ameliorative effect of hesperidin on finasteride-induced testicular oxidative stress in Wistar rats
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Ebenezer Tunde Olayinka, Kayode Ezekiel Adewole
Hesperidin, with molecular weight of 610.6 g/mol, molecular formula of C28H34O15, and CAS ID of 208-288-1 (Figure 2), is a member of the flavanone group of flavonoids. It is the major flavonoid in sweet orange and lemon, accounting for up to 14% of the fresh weight of the fruit in young immature oranges (Barthe et al. 1988; Li and Schluesener 2017). Pharmacological investigations on this flavanone have revealed its various bioactivities, including its capacity as a potent antioxidant, possession of significant analgesic and antinflammatory, antimicrobial and ultraviolet protecting effect (Garg et al. 2001). Previous studies have reported that hesperidin exhibited protection against various chemical and drug-induced toxicities such as diethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis (Mahmoud et al. 2017), zinc oxide-induced neurotoxicity (Ansar et al. 2017), doxorubicin-induced toxicity in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma bearing mice (Donia et al. 2018), benzo[a]pyrene-induced testicular toxicity in rats, and aluminum phosphide-induced testicular toxicity in rats (Afolabi et al. 2018). However, to the best of our knowledge, the protective capacity of hesperidin against finasteride-induced oxidative damage on testicular tissues has not been reported. Therefore, this study hypothesizes that hesperidin protects against finasteride-induced testicular tissue toxicity. Thus, in this study, we investigated the potential of hesperidin as a protective agent against finasteride-induced testicular oxidative damage in the rat. The binding affinities of finasteride and hesperidin with 5AR were also evaluated in silico to gain an insight into the effect of hesperidin on the binding of finasteride to 5AR.