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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Farnesol is a constituent of the fragrance mix II. In groups of patients reacting to the mix and tested with its 6 ingredients, farnesol scored 2.7–13.9% positive patch test reactions (see Chapter 3.71 Fragrance mix II).
Nanotechnology and Delivery System for Bioactive Antibiofilm Dental Materials
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Jin Xiao, Yuan Liu, Marlise I. Klein, Anna Nikikova, Yanfang Ren
Furthermore, NPCs were loaded with farnesol. Farnesol is an antibacterial agent that is highly effective in disrupting acid tolerance and glucan synthesis of planktonic cells of S. mutans, and is more active at acidic pH (Koo et al. 2005). However, topically applied farnesol has demonstrated limited activity against S. mutans biofilms due to the suboptimal retention and poor aqueous solubility. Thus, farnesol is an ideal model agent to demonstrate NPC efficacy, as verified previously (Chen et al. 2009). NPC can load farnesol at ~22% wt, which shows a high loading capacity. Importantly, it increases the aqueous solubility 400 times more than free farnesol. NPC-encapsulated farnesol is completely water-soluble, which is crucial for formulation development. Moreover, the release of farnesol that encapsulated within NPC can be expedited in response to acidic pH. Specifically, the initial release rate, constant and half time was 2.5 times faster at pH 4.5 vs. pH 7.2.
Metabolism of Terpenoids in Animal Models and Humans
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Farnesol is present in many essential oils such as Cymbopogon species and neroli. It is used in perfumery and soaps to emphasize the odors of sweet floral perfumes and due to its fixative and antibacterial properties (O'Neil, 2006; Bornscheuer et al., 2014). Interestingly, it is also produced in humans where it acts on numerous nuclear receptors (Joo and Jetten, 2010). In vitro studies using recombinant drug metabolizing enzymes and human liver microsomes have shown that CYP isoenzymes participate in the metabolism of farnesol to 12-hydroxyfarnesol (Figure 10.29). Subsequently, farnesol and its metabolite are glucuronidated (DeBarber et al., 2004; Staines et al., 2004).
In vivo antifungal activities of farnesol combined with antifungal drugs against murine oral mucosal candidiasis
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Chengxi Li, Zheng Xu, Siqi Liu, Yun Huang, Wei Duan, Xin Wei
Fungal quorum sensing molecules can be used as adjuvants to prevent Candida infections (Fernandes et al. 2016). Although the in vitro effects of farnesol have received much attention, the clinical efficacy of farnesol as a potential adjuvant remains questionable. The different results in different in vivo studies of efficacy of farnesol against C. albicans in mice (Navarathna et al. 2007; Hisajima et al. 2008; Bozó et al. 2016) might be caused by the different administered dose, or the administered route of farnesol to the murine model, the strains from different sources with different biological characteristics and resistant activities (especially for those strains from a clinical source), the difference in the immunosuppressed conditions of mice infected with C. albicans, and its relevant local and systemic impacts on mice. The controversial results in vivo antifungal effects of farnesol from previous studies suggest that the clinical efficacy of farnesol needs to be further discussed.
Design and synthesis of mucoadhesive nanogel containing farnesol: investigation of the effect on HWP1, SAP6 and Rim101 genes expression of Candida albicans in vitro
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Fatemeh Nikoomanesh, Shahla Roudbarmohammadi, Mehdi Khoobi, Farnoosh Haghighi, Maryam Roudbary
Farnesol is a natural organic compound which is produced from isoprene compounds in plants, animals and fungi [7]. This compound has been suggested to function as an antitumor, apoptosis-promoting effect and inducing growth-inhibitory [8,9]. In fungus such as Candida albicans, farnesol is quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) which can block filamentation and inhibit biofilm formation as well as suppressing the expression of virulence genes as along with biofilm formation [10–14]. The hyphae formation in C. albicans controlled by a network of genes includes aspartyl proteinase 6 (SAP6), Hyphal Wall Protein1 (HWP1) and Rim101 (alkaline-responsive transcriptional factor). The SAP6 gene is a member of aspartyl proteinase family known as secreted proteolytic enzymes. SAP6 and HWP1 genes are expressed strongly in germ tube and hyphal surfaces [15]. Rim101 is a transcription factor that governs virulence in many fungal pathogens. C. albicans Rim101 gene, promotes hyphal formation in response to alkaline growth conditions [16]. The importance of C. albicans hyphae formation and its role on invasion to the host cells have been well documented [17]. Therefore, effective antifungal agent and drug delivery that can prevent C. albicans hyphae form are urgently required. In our previous study by Nikoomanesh et al. [18], we showed that 300 µM concentration of farnesol was prevented from germ tube and hyphae formation of C. albicans. Hence, farnesol was deliberated as an antifungal agent by well-known mechanism. Therefore, hyphae morphology is a new target for novel drug delivery strategy.
Pharmacological applications of farnesol (C15H26O): a patent review
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Gyllyandeson De Araújo Delmondes, Izabel Cristina Santiago Lemos, Diógenes De Queiroz Dias, Glacithane Lins Da Cunha, Isaac Moura Araújo, Roseli Barbosa, Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho, Cícero Francisco Bezerra Felipe, José Maria Barbosa-Filho, Natanael Teles Ramos De Lima, Irwin Rose Alencar De Menezes, Marta Regina Kerntopf
Farnesol (C15H26O – sesquiterpene alcohol) is a natural 15 carbon terpene found in essential oils produced in plant cells by pyrophosphate dephosphorylation [1]. This substance was first identified in flowers from the Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. species, known as ‘acácia farnese’; hence the origin of its name, where the addition of the ‘ol’ is justified by the fact that this is chemically an alcohol [2].