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Gastroenterology
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Vitamin D 1,000–5,000 µg IV/d is given until normal alkaline phosphatase is achieved, then 10 µg/d and 500 ml/d of milk for calcium requirements. The child should be exposed to sunlight (ergocalciferol is the most important source). Dietary sources include oily fish and fortified margarine.
Orthopaedic Pharmacology
Published in Manoj Ramachandran, Tom Nunn, Basic Orthopaedic Sciences, 2018
Manoj Ramachandran, Daud Chou, Natasha Rahman
Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) – used in vitamin D deficiency (rickets, osteomalacia).Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) – used in vitamin D deficiency and osteoporosis.Calcitriol (1,25-OH-vitamin D3) – used in renal osteodystrophy.Alphacalcidiol (1α-hydroxycholecalciferol) – used in renal osteodystrophy.
Annexes
Published in Claude Leray, Dietary Lipids for Healthy Brain Function, 2017
UV irradiation of ergosterol, contained in vegetable oils and fungi, produces ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). Its biological activities with respect to vitamin D3 have not yet been precisely determined; for some they are three times lower, whereas for the others the two forms are equivalent. Ergocalciferol is poorly represented in the diet, but it is often provided by pharmaceutical preparations used as vitamin D supplement.
Vitamin D intakes and health outcomes in infants and preschool children: Summary of an evidence report
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Andrew R. Beauchesne, Kelly Copeland Cara, Danielle M. Krobath, Laura Paige Penkert, Shruti P. Shertukde, Danielle S. Cahoon, Belen Prado, Ruogu Li, Qisi Yao, Jing Huang, Tee Reh, Mei Chung
Vitamin D is a conditionally essential micronutrient because the amount synthesised in the skin under sunlight (ultraviolet [UV]-B light) exposure is often not sufficient to meet our needs, and thus humans need to consume dietary forms of vitamin D under certain circumstances. Vitamin D content in human milk is highly variable and might be affected by season, maternal dietary intake of vitamin D, and ethnicity [105], and there is little vitamin D that occurs naturally in the food supply. The efficacy of conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin after exposure to UV-B light to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is dependent on the time of day, the season of the year, latitude, skin colour, and age. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is produced in mushrooms and yeast. The native form of vitamin D is not biologically active. The active form of vitamin D is 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol), which is first hydroxylated from vitamin D to 25(OH)D in the liver and then hydroxylated by the kidney. One of the major biological functions of vitamin D is to maintain calcium homeostasis. Calcitriol also acts as a hormone working through the activation of signal transduction pathways linked to vitamin D receptors on cell membranes. Major sites of action include the intestine, bone, parathyroid, liver, and pancreatic beta cells. Thus, vitamin D could be considered a prohormone that can affect the risks of disease development.
Vitamin D metabolites, D3 and D2, and their independent associations with depression symptoms among adults in the United States
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
In addition, the multivariable model showed that participants with a higher presence of 25(OH)D2 >0.6 ng/mL were more likely to report depression symptoms by 35% compared to those with minimal presence of 25(OH)D2. In the study sample, 25(OH)D2 was detected above the LOD in 21.5% of the study participants. Another study utilizing the NHANES 2007–2010 surveys showed that 25(OH)D2 was detected above the LOD in 19% of the study participants of all ages [20]. The authors concluded that the presence of 25(OH)D2 was likely as a result of high-dose prescription ergocalciferol among participants over the age of 20 years. Due to the cross-sectional study design, the current finding might also indicate that in some cases, participants with depression symptoms were more likely to consume high-dose ergocalciferol as an attempt to relieve their symptoms of depression or to treat other depression-related illnesses.
Disentanglement among vitamins D
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Salvatore Minisola, Viviana De Martino
Supplementation with vitamin D represents the third and most used strategy to correct hypovitaminosis D. It is important to emphasize that ‘Vitamin D’ is mistakenly used as a generic term to indicate all the metabolites generated from precursors (7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol) and even for any other molecule based upon vitamin’s secosteroid (disrupted steroid ring) [4]. The most frequently vitamin D employed in the context of supplementation in normal subjects are: ergocalciferol (D2), cholecalciferol (D3) calcifediol [25(OH)D] alpha-calcidol [1α(OH)D] and calcitriol [1,25(OH)2D]. Ergocalciferol (as 50,000 IU capsules and in a liquid form at 8,000 IU/mL) is mainly used in the United States, but rarely used in Europe. Cholecalciferol in relatively low doses (1,000–2,000 IU) is available in the United States as over the counter product. The larger utilization of cholecalciferol outside the United States can be probably ascribed to fewer published studies and demonstrated convincing benefits of ergocalciferol in respect to cholecalciferol [4]. Alphacalcidol and calcitriol are rarely used in normal subjects for the sake of supplementation and mostly employed in specific diseases (i.e., in patients with renal failure or hypoparathyroidism). At the end, cholecalciferol and calcifediol are the most utilized ‘Vitamin D’ products for reaching sufficiency in normal subjects, whatever the threshold chosen (20 vs 30 ng/mL). Some of the most relevant differences between cholecalciferol and calcifediol are reported in Table 1.