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The Development of the Radiotracer Concept
Published in Garimella V. S. Rayudu, Lelio G. Colombetti, Radiotracers for Medical Applications, 2019
Hevesy first heard about a possible heavy hydrogen in 1913, but it didn’t pan out. By 1931 Aston had demonstrated stable isotopes all through the periodic tables — but not in hydrogen. Harold Urey at Columbia had mild but valid theoretical reasons for thinking there must be an H-2. He agreed with Hevesy on the lack of heavy element diffusion differences, but hydrogen isotopes had a 100% difference in mass. If Aston couldn’t find the H, H-2 separation with his technique, he might be able to with a diffusion technique.23 He evaporated 4 ℓ of liquid hydrogen down to 1 mℓ. An optical spectrum of this residual showed a distinct line precisely where H-2 should be. Urey felt that if a large volume of water was electrolyzed the H-l should bubble off faster than H-2. There was an industrial production of hydrogen and oxygen that did just that electrolysis on a large scale. Urey obtained samples from the electrolysis cells and measured their density change. A large volume of electrolyzed water gained from 8.3 lb/gal to over 9 lb/gal. You could measure the difference on a bathroom scale.
Human Noroviruses
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
G. Sanchez, W. Randazzo, D.H. D'Souza
Electrolyzed water (EOW) is typically produced by electrolyzing water containing sodium chloride, generating a solution of sodium hypochlorite, with high levels of dissolved oxygen and free chlorine, but the exact mechanism of antiviral action is unknown.192 EOW was utilized to understand the removal of HNoV inoculated on the surfaces of raspberries and romaine lettuce as a simple wash, where acidic electrolyzed water wash was reported to enhance the binding of HNoV to raspberries and lettuce, resulting in only ∼7.5% and ∼4% of HNoV removal, respectively.192 Other researchers showed that a neutral solution of electrochemically activated anolyte Ecasol reduced FCV-F9 titers by >5 log within 1 minute at room temperature.193
Response surface modeling integrated microtiter plate assay for Mycobacterium fortuitum biofilm quantification
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Ayushi Sharma, Jitendraa Vashistt, Rahul Shrivastava
Response surface methodology (RSM) is an association of statistical and mathematical applications applied to optimize process parameters that considers the minimum time, cost, and required experimental runs (Rezaee et al. 2014). The RSM model applies a polynomial equation to discover connections between independent input parameters, providing an optimum method for evaluating their collective and significant effects on the response (Khan et al. 2020). To date, only a few studies have been conducted on bacterial biofilm formation. Speranza et al. (2011) determined the impact of environmental and nutritional conditions on the adherence of Salmonella spp. ATCC 35664 using RSM. The effect of acidic electrolyzed water on the inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis biofilms on plastic poultry cages was also evaluated via RSM optimization of cleaning time, treatment time, and chlorine concentration parameters (Zang et al. 2015). Similarly, a study on Salmonella Typhi biofilm assay optimization was conducted (Ganjali Dashti et al. 2016). The assay was developed to generate an experimental model mimicking the conditions of the gallbladder for screening biofilm inhibitory compounds in the future. Furthermore, Ren et al. (2016) described the optimization of antibacterial compounds that inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilm development using RSM. This approach has also been used to optimize the parameters responsible for the clean-up of Bacillus cereus biofilm cells from dairy chilling tanks (Kumari and Sarkar 2014). The reproducibility of these biofilm assays has proven to be effective for the treatment of adhered cells, which has further prompted the adoption of RSM modeling for optimizing mycobacterial biofilm quantification techniques. To date, no study has determined the optimum conditions for biofilm formation by M. fortuitum using this approach.