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Naturopathic Medicine and the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
There is speculation that exposure to pesticides before birth may lead to greater susceptibility to hypertension in adulthood. DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a pesticide banned in the United States decades ago, but still used worldwide for indoor malaria vector control, and as a pesticide in countries outside the United States. Today, DDT is still found in our soil and indoor air samples, and continues to infiltrate our bodies due to its long half-life and semivolatility. In a birth cohort study following women into their fifth decade of life, prenatals exposed to DDT were at higher risk for developing hypertension in adulthood.107 The implications of this study are enormous considering the plethora of toxins found in prenatals today.
Effects of Environmental Factors on the Endocrine System
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
Toxins with indirect effects may require metabolic activation after entering the organism or may alter physiological control governing some steps in the reproductive process. There are different types of indirect actions. The toxin may be metabolized into a compound with direct toxic effects. Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), a therapeutic agent for kidney diseases, is metabolized by microsomal monoxygenases to active toxic metabolites. The toxin may alter steroid synthesis, secretion, or degradation. Pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), are good examples of these indirect toxins.
The role of lifestyle factors in recurrent implantation failure
Published in Efstratios M. Kolibianakis, Christos A. Venetis, Recurrent Implantation Failure, 2019
Vicki Nisenblat, Robert J. Norman
Atrazine is the most common pesticide suspected to have an EDC effect. It is widely used in commercial agriculture and remains in soil and water for a long time. The use of another once commonly used pesticide, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), has been banned for years in many countries, but it persists within the environment for decades due to resistance to degradation. Unfiltered drinking water is the main source of contact, and there is a possibility for occupational exposure in individuals who work with pesticides or in pesticide-treated areas.
Pyrethroid based pesticides – chemical and biological aspects
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Anandha Rao Ravula, Suresh Yenugu
The major breakthrough in the development of pesticides started during World War II with the production of environmentally persistent first-generation synthetic pesticides namely, the organochlorines; and prominent among them were aldrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). The second-generation organophosphate pesticides such as malathion were discovered between 1950 and 1955 followed by triazine weedicides during 1955–1960 and their usage reached its peak by 1961. Owing to the public attention toward excessive usage of pesticides and the health hazards elegantly described in the famous book “Silent Spring”, the use of pesticides decreased drastically by 1962 (Carson 1962). Following this, a new method of integrated pest management (IPM) came into existence in which biological predators or parasites were used to control pests. Albeit the population of pests reduced significantly, IPM methods did not display substantial effect akin to chemical pesticides. During 1970–1980s, pyrethroids, sulfonylureas, synthetic fungicides and other chemical pesticides were introduced. DDT was completely banned in USA followed by restrictions on usage of endosulfan, dieldrin and lindane in early 1970s. An international treaty derived at Stockholm Convention held in 2001 to which 179 nations were signatories, resolved to completely ban the use of twelve persistent organic pollutants including DDT (SCPOP 2001). On the same lines, European Union (EU) supported to ban on the use of nicotinoids in 2013.
A comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Bianca C. Carlos, Luisa D. P. Rona, George K. Christophides, Jayme A. Souza-Neto
The introduction of An. arabiensis in Northeastern Brazil by boats arriving from Africa in the 1930s is held responsible for some 14,000 deaths in 1938–1939. At the time, An. arabiensis was not recognized as a separate species; and all the species comprising the, what is now known, An. gambiae sensu lato species complex were collectively called An. gambiae [6]. With about 20% of the population being infected, a national campaign assisted by the Rockefeller Foundation began in 1938, and the African mosquito was eliminated in less than two years [3,7–10]. Nonetheless, malaria remained a major national issue with more than six million infections per year in the 1940s. Therefore, a new control campaign established the National Malaria Service and employed DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) and chloroquine for both mosquito and parasite control, respectively [7,11]. This effectively led to a consistent reduction in the total number of malaria cases in Brazil and almost total elimination of the disease in the extra-Amazonian region in the 1950s-60s [8,11].
Exposure to modern, widespread environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals and their effect on the reproductive potential of women: an overview of current epidemiological evidence
Published in Human Fertility, 2019
Anetta Karwacka, Dorota Zamkowska, Michał Radwan, Joanna Jurewicz
Increased global industrial activity has exposed humans to a wide variety of modern chemical substances like phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A, triclosan and many more, because those chemicals are found in a variety of products used daily. Additionally, some chemicals [multiple pesticides: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) or polychlorinated biphenyls] were banned in many developed countries because of their confirmed toxic effect on our ecosystem and human health (Colborn, Saal, & Soto, 1993). Nevertheless, various banned substances are still detected in our environment because of their long half-lives (Josefsson, Karlsson, Malmaeus, Cornelissen, & Wiberg, 2011).