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Chemosensation to Enhance Nutritional Intake in Cancer Patients
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
While certain pharmacological agents have been evaluated on their effectiveness to improve appetite and increase caloric intake in the cancer population, few studies have evaluated the direct impact that the agent had on improving taste and smell disturbances. One study focused on the potential effects of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in improving chemosensory alterations. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or Marinol, was used in a pilot study conducted by Brisbois and colleagues (2011) where patients were randomized to receive 2.5 mg of Marinol per day (for the first 3 days, increased to 2.5 mg BID on day 4) or placebo over an 18-day period. Patients in this study must have previously reported disturbances in taste and smell as well as decreases in appetite. The authors found statistically significant improvements in chemosensory experiences in the intervention group compared to placebo group. In addition, patients in the intervention group reported that “food tastes better” significantly more often compared to those in the placebo group. Of note, although appetite was significantly improved from baseline in the intervention group compared to the placebo group, both groups experienced similar increases in caloric intake. While these results were promising, they have yet to be duplicated using a larger sample size for a longer duration.
Pharmacotherapy of Neurochemical Imbalances
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar, Suvarna Ingale
Historically, cannabinoids have been known for its consumption for mainly frivolous and medical purpose. Cannabinoids are mainly obtained from Cannabis sativa. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a main active phytoconstituent of Cannabis sativa. Cannabinoids being psycho-active, produce euphoria, augmentation of sensory perception, increased heart rate, loss of pain perception, lack of concentration, and impaired memory. The important pharmacological actions of cannabinoids and tolerance are facilitated through G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB) which are of types CB1 and CB2 (Mechoulam and Fride, 1995).
Behavioural approaches to managing substance-related problems in gastrointestinal conditions
Published in Simon R. Knowles, Laurie Keefer, Antonina A. Mikocka-Walus, Psychogastroenterology for Adults, 2019
Cannabis can be consumed by smoking, vaping, edibles, and topical means. Cannabis use and abuse presents a more complex problem than opioids, particularly for patients who have medical and psychiatric conditions (e.g., chronic pain syndromes, IBD, post-traumatic stress disorder). Two main active cannabinoid types are delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD).
Drugs of abuse and ocular effects
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Valérie Proulx, Benoit Tousignant
Synthetic cannabinoids are known to have stronger effects than delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol the active ingredient in the natural cannabis. In fact, the substance is an agonist of the CB1 cannabinoid receptors, the main compound responsible for psychotropic effects in cannabinoids. These receptors are situated in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system.177 Commonly reported ocular effects include mydriasis, miosis, visual hallucinations, sluggish pupillary response, conjunctival hyperaemia.170,172,174–177 Occasional reports include nystagmus and diplopia178 persistent visual hallucination up to four years after consumption179 and bilateral multiple exudative retinal detachments with macular oedema.172
Effectiveness of Cannabinoids for Treatment of Dementia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2021
Thammanard Charernboon, Tiraya Lerthattasilp, Thitipon Supasitthumrong
Cannabinoids can be described as any chemical substance that binds to the cannabinoid receptors of the body and brain, producing similar effects to the cannabis plant. Cannabinoids exert their influence by acting at two cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, in the endogenous cannabinoid system (Howlett et al., 2002). The main function of the endogenous cannabinoid system is believed to be for modulating neurotransmission and exhibiting neuroprotective effects. CB1, predominantly in the central nervous system, is thought to affect cognition, memory, motor function and analgesia, while CB2, predominantly in the peripheral tissue and immune system, modulates immune cell migration and cytokine release (Pertwee, 2006; Watt & Karl, 2017). There is some evidence that CB2 might be involved in neuroprotection by reducing neuroinflammation (Ehrhart et al., 2005). Two main cannabinoids have been identified as the psychoactive compound delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the non-psychoactive compound cannabidiol (CBD) (Pertwee, 2006).
Necessity of addressing motivations for cannabis use to guide research
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2019
As pharmacological agents, phytocannabinoids, the unique chemical constituents of the cannabis plant, have been studied preclinically for close to a half century for both their positive and negative effects on brain and behavior. The cognitive impairing effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive and intoxicating component of the cannabis plant, are well known and reliably observed under many conditions across species and laboratories. These effects occur with repeated exposure to high and even low THC doses. The Special Issue highlights intriguing preclinical findings probing variables that augment and even oppose these detrimental effects (2). Understanding how these opposing effects of THC on cognition may translate to humans, it is important to consider use patterns that are shaped by motivations for use to guide hypotheses related to the neurocognitive impact of cannabis exposure.