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Cannabis
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
Since the publication of that report, many countries in Europe, in Asia, and various US states, have decriminalised possession or legalised medicinal uses of cannabis, in contrast with the UK. In 2009, in the UK, cannabis was re-classified as belonging to group B of controlled substances in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 on the basis of increasing concerns about a link between high strength cannabis and schizophrenia. Cannabinol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol are classified under Schedule 1 of the Misuse of Drugs Act as having no therapeutic benefit. However, cannabis-derived medicinal products were classified under Schedule 2 in November 2018 after a review by the Home Secretary concluded that there was therapeutic benefit for some conditions. Two other non-psychoactive cannabinoids, cannabidiol and cannabichromene, are not controlled drugs despite their structural similarity to cannabinol. A further two cannabinoids can be prescribed by doctors, and Nabilone, a synthetic analogue of THC, is licensed for prescription for patients with nausea or vomiting resulting from cancer chemotherapy that has proved unresponsive to other drugs. Dronabinol is currently unlicensed in the UK and has to be specially imported for prescription on a named patient basis for the same indication.
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Preclinical studies using mice and rats have provided strong and uniform evidence that the cannabinoids in cannabis exert antidepressant-like effects. In mice, acute intraperitoneal administration of THC reduced immobility in the forced swim and tail suspension tests. The cannabinoids, CBD, and cannabichromene also showed this antidepressant-like effect, as did the synthetic CB1 agonist CP55,940. Several other cannabinoids that were tested, ∆8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabicitran, cannabicyclol, and cannabinol, did not exhibit this effect.12,13
Cannabis Nutrition
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
This legal action excluded hemp stalks, fiber, oil, and cake made from hemp seed and sterilized hemp seed from Schedule 1 status. The benefits of hemp oil products, CBD, and other cannabinoids like cannabinol (CBN) and cannabigerol (CBG) could be used to augment the body’s naturally occurring endocannabinoids. The phytocannabinoids from hemp are supplements to the body’s own endocannabinoids for functioning in the nervous system and immune system.
Cannabinoids and drug metabolizing enzymes: potential for drug-drug interactions and implications for drug safety and efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Keti Bardhi, Shelby Coates, Christy J.W. Watson, Philip Lazarus
Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa are the two most common and well-known species of the cannabis plant, and extracts from both species contain cannabinoids of therapeutic interest, such as (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) [10–14]. However, the classification of cannabis as monotypic (one species) or polytypic (multiple species) is still a debate [15,16]. In the 1960s and 1990s, early research into the therapeutic potential of cannabis yielded the identification of over 500 cannabis constituents [17,18], of which 150 were classified as cannabinoids [19]. C. sativa, tall and narrow-leafed, tends to have a higher THC content as compared to C. indica, which is shorter and wide-leafed and has a higher proportion of CBD [20,21]. Most commercial cannabis-containing products currently on the market are a mix of cannabis from both varieties of C. sativa and C. indica [22,23], as the ratio of THC and CBD varies considerably between strains [24].
Medicinal cannabis pharmacokinetics and potential methods of delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Lidya Kebede, Seyedehsara Masoomi Dezfooli, Ali Seyfoddin
Cannabis has the therapeutic potential to treat a string of conditions ranging from asthma, epilepsy, migraine, nausea, pain, and glaucoma (Bonn-Miller et al. 2018). Cannabis has approximately 560 compounds with over 120 that are thought to be unique phytocannabinoids. These cannabinoids can directly influence the endogenous cannabinoid system in our body (Bonn-Miller et al. 2018). Among those chemically active components, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most abundant and most researched compounds in the plant (Zgair et al. 2016). THCA and CBDA are the acidic forms that are originally found in the cannabis plant. These acidic compounds are decarboxylated in the presence of heat to create neutral THC and CBD. Acidic cannabinoids are speculated to have some pharmacological properties, although, their psychotropic activity is limited due to their inability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Conversely, further degradation of THC will result in the formation of cannabinol (CBN), a cannabinoid with less potent psychoactive, analgesic, and anticonvulsant activity (Citti et al. 2016).
Medical marijuana for inflammatory bowel disease: the highs and lows
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Cannabis, colloquially known as marijuana [12], is derived from the plants Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica. Cannabinoids are the biologically active components of cannabis and are derived from three sources: (1) phytocannabinoids: cannabinoid compounds produced by the plants Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica; (2) endocannabinoids: neurotransmitters produced in the brain or peripheral tissues that act on cannabinoid receptors; and (3) synthetic cannabinoids: created in the laboratory and act with biologically similar mechanisms [13]. The main cannabinoids in the cannabis plant are Δ [9] tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol. THC is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis and generally is found at higher concentrations than CBD, but the chemical composition of cannabis can vary greatly [13]. Although research regarding the safety and efficacy of cannabis in treating various conditions is in the early stages, 18 states, two US territories, and Washington D.C. have already passed laws to legalize recreational use of cannabis and 36 states, four US territories, and Washington D.C. have legalized cannabis for medicinal purposes [14]. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the available literature concerning the use of cannabis for the treatment of IBD and highlight potential areas for future study.