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Chemical Methods of Vector Control
Published in Jacques Derek Charlwood, The Ecology of Malaria Vectors, 2019
There was a 28%–76% reduction in P. falciparum following the spraying with ICON but a 23% increase in the rest of the state where DDT was used. DDT is known to act as a repellent as much, if not more, than a killing agent. Spraying the outside eaves of houses with lambda-cyhalothrin did not reduce entry rates of A. funestus in Mozambique so the insecticide may not have such a strong repellent effect. One interpretation of the different results from South Africa and Brazil is that a strong repellent is better than an ineffective killing agent (i.e., an insecticide to which the vector has become resistant), but that in the absence of resistance a killing agent (lambdacyhalothrin in this case) is better than a repellent.
Rationale and technique of malaria control
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles
Deltamethrin, which has a fairly high mammalian toxicity (moderately hazardous; LD50 135 mg/kg), was used at a dosage of 0.05 g/m2 in a field trial in Africa and was safe and effective as a residual spray for at least 2 months. Permethrin, a safer pyrethroid (moderately hazardous; LD50 500 mg/kg), when employed at a dosage of 0.5 g/m2 was fairly effective as a residual spray for about 3 months. The latest synthetic pyrethroid, discovered in the early 1980s and developed as an insecticide for agricultural and public health applications, is lambda-cyhalothrin. The formulations available for residual spraying are 2.5 per cent and 5 per cent emulsifiable concentrate and 10 per cent wettable powder. Application rates are typically in the range of 10–25 mg/m2 or, for prolonged action (6 months), 25–30 mg/m2 are suggested. It is classed as a ‘moderately hazardous’ insecticide, with an LD50 of 56 mg/kg.
Inorganic Chemical Pollutants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Additionally, under 40 CFR § 180.1195, titanium dioxide is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues in or on growing crops, when used as an inert ingredient (UV protectant) in microencapsulated formulation of the insecticide lambda cyhalothrin at no more than 3.0% by weight of the formulation.290 Since this tolerance exemption was established after August 3, 1996, it is not subject to the tolerance reassessment provision of FQPA.
Evaluation of hazards of electronic -cigarette’s liquid refill on testes of mice, complemented by histopathological and chromatographic analysis
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Raghda Elsherif, Nora Z. Abdellah, Ola A. Hussein, Eman S. Shaltout
The present results revealed the presence of Phenol-d5, 5-(2 propenyl)-2(5 H)-Thiophenone, and 4,5-Dimethyl-2-hydroxy benzophenone in the analyzed e-liquid. In agreement with the present results, phenols were reported to be present in nine of the 21 samples tested e-liquid samples. It is well known that phenols can be made by heating polyphenols found in tobacco plants.24,25 In addition to nicotine, phenol, vanillin, and aldehydes, the analyzed e-liquid in the present study was shown to contain a pyrethroid insecticide (Lambda-cyhalothrin). It was previously reported that cigarettes made from flue-cured tobacco contain varying quantities of pyrethroids.26 Beauval and Antherieu27 tested e-liquid samples for 50 different pesticides. Only the organophosphate “chlorpyrifos ethyl” and the herbicide “trifluralin” were detected in some samples.
Amelioration of toxicopathological effects of thiamethoxam in broiler birds with vitamin E and selenium
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Shfaia Tehseen Gul, Rabia Liaquat Khan, M. Kashif Saleemi, Maqbool Ahmad, Riaz Hussain, Ahrar Khan
There was leukopenia in the treated birds in this study that findings agreed with the findings of Gul et al. (2017) and Sharaf et al. (2010) who reported significant reduced TLC counts in broiler chicks with the exposure of TMX and cypermethrin, respectively. Findings of this study were contrary to the findings of Shakoori et al. (1992) and Shah et al. (2007) in rabbits treated with cyhalothrin and cypermethrin, respectively. In available published literature, effects of pesticides on hematopoiesis include leukocytosis, leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, lymphopenia, monocytosis and anemia (García-García et al. 2016, Jamil et al. 2004, Piccoli et al.2019). This all indicate that findings about leukocytes in pesticide exposure is inconsistent, however, anemia is persistent as indicated by other researchers (Lu 2009, Prihartono et al. 2011, Roy and Nath 2011).
Insecticidal activity and structure–activity relationship of sugar embedded macrocycles for the control of aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Rohit Rana, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Sushil K. Maurya, S. G. Eswara Reddy
The commercially available macrocyclic lactones such as abamectin, milbemectin, emamectin benzoate and spinosad (Figure 1) used for the control of insect and mite pests under greenhouse and field conditions. The emamectin benzoate was used for the control of Spilarctia obliqua Walker (Nair et al.2007), Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Ravikumar et al.2017, Dagar and Kumar 2018), Leucinodes orbonalis Guen (Anwar 2015), Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Abdu Allah 2010); spinosad against L. orbonalis (Anwar et al.2015); abamectin against Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) and spinetoram against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) (Abdu Allah 2010). Similarly, the insecticides currently used for the control of aphids which includes imidacloprid against Schizaphis graminum Rondani, Rhopalosiphum padi L (Royer et al.2005); Myzus persicae Sulzer (Janmaat et al.2011), imidacloprid and thiamethoxam for Aphis illinoisensis Shimer (Baronio et al.2016) and Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach) (Gupta et al.2017); chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, fenvalerate and dimethoate against Aphis glycines (Desmi et al.2011) and oxy-demeton methyl against B. helichrysi (Gupta et al.2017).